Sources and processing of CELSS wastes.

The production rate and solid content of waste streams found in a life support system for a space habitat (in which plants are grown for food) are discussed. Two recycling scenarios, derived from qualitative considerations as opposed to quantitative mass and energy balances, tradeoff studies, etc., are presented; they reflect differing emphases on and responses to the waste stream formation rates and their composition, as well as indicate the required products from waste treatment that are needed in a life support system. The data presented demonstrate the magnitude of the challenge to developing a life support system for a space habitat requiring a high degree of closure.     

Radio emission from EA eclipsing binaries: Evidence for kilogauss early- and late-type stars

Space Science Reviews -     

Solar Imprint on ICMEs, Their Magnetic Connectivity, and Heliospheric Evolution

Interplanetary outflows from coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are structures shaped by their magnetic fields. Sometimes these fields are highly ordered and reflect properties of the solar magnetic field. Field lines emerging in CMEs are presumably connected to the Sun at both ends, but about half lose their connection at one end by the time they are observed in ICMEs. All must eventually lose one connection in order to prevent a build-up of flux in the heliosphere; but since little change is observed between 1 AU and 5 AU, this process may take months to years to complete. As ICMEs propagate out into the heliosphere, they kinematically elongate in angular extent, expand from higher pressure within, distort owing to inhomogeneous solar wind structure, and can compress the ambient solar wind, depending upon their relative speed. Their magnetic fields may reconnect with solar wind fields or those of other ICMEs with which they interact, creating complicated signatures in spacecraft data.     

The chemical conditions on the parent body of the murchison meteorite: Some conclusions based on amino, hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids

Amino and hydroxy acids have been identified in the Murchison meteorite. Their presence is consistent with a synthetic pathway involving aldehydes, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia in an aqueous environment (Strecker-cyanohydrin synthesis). From the various equilibrium and rate constants involved in this synthesis, four independent estimates of the ammonium ion concentrations on the parent body at the time of compound synthesis are obtained; all values are about 2 × 10^?3 M. Succinic acid and β-alanine have also been detected in the Murchison meteorite. Their presence is consistent with a synthesis from acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. Using the equilibrium and rate constants for this synthetic pathway, and the succinic acid/β-alanine ratio measured in the Murchison meteorite, an estimate of the hydrogen cyanide concentration of 10^?3 to 10^?2 M is obtained. Since hydrogen cyanide hydrolyzes relatively rapidly in an aqueous environment ($\text{t}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{< 10}{}^4\text{yrs}$) this high concentration implies a period of synthesis of organic compounds as short as 10⁴ years on the Murchison meteorite parent body.     

2 μm LIDAR for laser-based remote sensing: flight demonstrationand application survey

A flight test of a diode-pumped solid-state 2 μm Doppler Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) system was conducted on-board the NASA Ames DC-8 Airborne Laboratory. This was the first ever airborne demonstration of a 2 μm diode-pumped solid-state Doppler LIDAR. The LIDAR performance was verified by comparing the true-airspeed (TAS) estimate with that found using the pneumatic air data system; excellent agreement was found. The capabilities of this pulsed 2 μm Doppler LIDAR system include high bandwidth air data determination without the need for extensive forebody calibration, remote wind profiling as far as several kilometers away from the aircraft, eye-safe laser transmission at 2 μm, and diode-pumped solid-state design for compact construction and reliable performance     

Balloon observation of the 1983 solar eclipse in Indonesia

A balloon observation of the total solar eclipse on 11 June 1983 was carried out as a cooperative work between Japanese and Indonesian teams. The observation was a photo-polarimetry of the F corona in both visual and near-infrared regions.The balloon of 15,000-m³ with a payload of 150-kg was launched at 7^h13^m on 11 June from Watukosek Balloon Base in East Java. Observation at an altitude of 30.5-km was successfully made during the totality (11^h28～32^m) at a position of ～40-km east-south-east from Jogjakarta.As a preliminary result, an excess in infrared brightness has been found near the position of 3.8R_⊙ west from the sun, which may be due to thermal emission from a high-temperature dust cloud located around the sun.     

A serendipitous survey for galaxy clusters by the XMM-Newton Survey Science Center

We describe the initial results of a programme to detect and identify extended X-ray sources found serendipitously in XMM-Newton observations. We have analyzed 186 EPIC-PN images at high galactic latitude with a limiting flux of 1 × 10⁻¹⁴ erg cm⁻² s⁻¹ and found 62 cluster candidates. Thanks to the enhanced sensitivity of the XMM-Newton telescopes, the new clusters found in this pilot study are on the average fainter, more compact, and more distant than those found in previous X-ray surveys. At our survey limit the surface density of clusters is about 5 deg⁻². We also present the first results of an optical follow-up programme aiming at the redshift measurement of a large sample of clusters. The results of this pilot study give a first glimpse on the potential of serendipitous cluster science with XMM-Newton based on real data. The largest, yet to be fulfilled promise is the identification of a large number of high-redshift clusters for cosmological studies up to z = 1 or 1.5.     

The Structure of Substorm Activations in the Quasi-Trapping Region

Based on a large number of measurements of the magnetic field and energetic particles onboard the CRRES satellite and on ground-based measurements we describe the fine structure of the first several minutes of the expansion activation of a substorm. The main result is that we have found a fast enhancement of the flux of energetic ions immediately before the beginning of substorm dipolization of the magnetic field. This effect was not known earlier, and the enhancement is invisible from the ground during auroras. We suggest that the appearance of an excess flux of energetic ions has a triggering effect on the local expansion activation of a substorm. The model of a current meander is put forward, which explains the generation of an inductance electric field, current wedge, and other effects of the explosive onset of a substorm.     

Lens-Effect Loss for Distributed Targets

The atmosphere, acting like a lens, causes a small loss in radarsignal strength [1]. Unlike atmospheric absorption [2], the lenseffect loss is different for distributed targets versus point targets.For a distributed target uniformly filling the radar beam, the lens effect loss (in decibels) is one-half the lens-effect loss for point targets.     

Analysis of remote reflection spectroscopy to monitor plant health.

Remote non-contact reflection spectroscopy is examined as a method for detecting stress in Controlled Ecological Life Support System CELSS type crops. Lettuce (Lactuca [correction of Latuca] Sativa L. cv. Waldmans Green) and wheat (Triticum Aestivum L. cv. Yecora Rojo) were grown hydroponically. Copper and zinc treatments provided toxic conditions. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium treatments were used for deficiency conditions. Water stress was also induced in test plants. Reflectance spectra were obtained in the visible and near infrared (400nm to 2600nm) wavebands. Numerous effects of stress conditions can be observed in the collected spectra and this technique appears to have promise as a remote monitor of plant health, but significant research remains to be conducted to realize the promise.