Electrochemical trepanning with uniform electrolyte flow around the entire blade profile

In the traditional machining process for diffusers, blades are easily deformed, and methods suffer from high tool wear and low efficiency. Electrochemical machining(ECM) possesses unique advantages when applied to these difficult-to-machine materials. In the ECM process, theflow field plays a crucial role. Here, an electrolyte flow mode that supplies uniform flow around the entire blade profile was adopted for electrochemical trepanning of diffusers. Various flow rates were employed to obtain the optimal flow field. Simulations were conducted using ANSYS software, and results indicated that increasing the flow rate substantially afforded a more uniform flowfield. A series of experiments was then performed, and results revealed that increasing the flow rate greatly improved both the machining efficiency and the surface quality of the diffusers. The maximum feeding rate of the cathode reached 4 mm/min, the blade taper of the concave part decreased to 0.02, and the blade roughness was reduced to 1.216 lm. The results of this study demonstrated the high feasibility of this method and its potential for machining other complex components for engineering applications.     

试飞员能力模型研究

在飞行器研制和人类飞行探索中,试飞员的能力至关重要。针对以往对试飞员能力的评价基本停留在"客观、正确、诚信、能力以及尊重他人"等主观、感性层面,分析了试飞员在飞行器研制试验与鉴定中的作用和任务,给出了试飞员能力模型和"百分制"对试飞员的计划、飞行、评价、报告和建议等基本能力的量化分配。将试飞员能力显性化,有利于试飞员能力的客观评价。     

Evaluation and improvement of coastal GNSS reflectometry sea level variations from existing GNSS stations in Taiwan

Global sea level rise due to an increasingly warmer climate has begun to induce hazards, adversely affecting the lives and properties of people residing in low-lying coastal regions and islands. Therefore, it is important to monitor and understand variations in coastal sea level covering offshore regions. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have been successfully used to robustly derive sea level heights (SLHs). In Taiwan, there are a number of continuously operating GNSS stations, not originally installed for sea level monitoring. They were established in harbors or near coastal regions for monitoring land motion. This study utilizes existing SNR data from three GNSS stations (Kaohsiung, Suao, and TaiCOAST) in Taiwan to compute SLHs with two methods, namely, Lomb–Scargle Periodogram (LSP)-only, and LSP aided with tidal harmonic analysis developed in this study. The results of both methods are compared with co-located or nearby tide gauge records. Due to the poor quality of SNR data, the worst accuracy of SLHs derived from traditional LSP-only method exceeds 1?m at the TaiCOAST station. With our procedure, the standard deviations (STDs) of difference between GNSS-derived SLHs and tide gauge records in Kaohsiung and Suao stations decreased to 10?cm and the results show excellent agreement with tide gauge derived relative sea level records, with STD of differences of 7?cm and correlation coefficient of 0.96. In addition, the absolute GNSS-R sea level trend in Kaohsiung during 2006–2011 agrees well with that derived from satellite altimetry. We conclude that the coastal GNSS stations in Taiwan have the potential of monitoring absolute coastal sea level change accurately when our proposed methodology is used.     

Ionospheric F2-Layer critical frequency retrieved from COSMIC radio occultation: A statistical comparison with measurements from a meridional ionosonde chain over Southeast Asia

In this paper, we compared the F2-Layer critical frequency (foF2) derived from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation (RO) and ionosondes at Chiang Mai, Chumphon and Kototabang during the years 2008–2015 to evaluate the performance of COSMIC RO over Southeast Asia region. The results show that the time development of foF2 values derived from COSMIC RO generally agrees well with those from ionosonde measurements. However, the differences between the foF2 derived from COSMIC RO and that derived from ionosonde observations display latitudinal dependence. COSMIC RO tends to underestimate foF2 at Chiang Mai and Kototabang, which is near to the north EIA crest and the south one, respectively, while a little overestimate foF2 at Chumphon, which is close to the geomagnetic equator. COSMIC RO agrees best with ionosonde at Chumphon and worst at Chiang Mai. At each ionosonde station, the quality of COSMIC RO data degrades with the increase of solar activity. In addition, at the station Chiang Mai and Kototabang, COSMIC RO performs better in summer than in equinox and winter. Furthermore, the differences in foF2 derived from COSMIC RO and that from ionosonde measurements vary with local time, i.e., the differences in foF2 are generally smaller at night and larger in noontime when equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) is well developed.     

Grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient in MQL grinding of high-temperature nickel-base alloy by using different vegetable oils as base oil

Vegetable oil can be used as a base oil in minimal quantity of lubrication(MQL). This study compared the performances of MQL grinding by using castor oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, and palm oil as base oils. A K-P36 numerical-control precision surface grinder was used to perform plain grinding on a workpiece material with a high-temperature nickel base alloy. A YDM–III 99 three-dimensional dynamometer was used to measure grinding force,and a clip-type thermocouple was used to determine grinding temperature. The grinding force, grinding temperature, and energy ratio coefficient of MQL grinding were compared among the seven vegetable oil types. Results revealed that(1) castor oil-based MQL grinding yields the lowest grinding force but exhibits the highest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(2) palm oil-based MQL grinding generates the second lowest grinding force but shows the lowest grinding temperature and energy ratio coefficient;(3) MQL grinding based on the five other vegetable oils produces similar grinding forces, grinding temperatures, and energy ratio coefficients, with values ranging between those of castor oil and palm oil;(4) viscosity significantly influences grinding force and grinding temperature to a greater extent than fatty acid varieties and contents in vegetable oils;(5) although more viscous vegetable oil exhibits greater lubrication and significantly lower grinding force than less viscous vegetable oil, high viscosity reduces the heat exchange capability of vegetable oil and thus yields a high grinding temperature;(6) saturated fatty acid is a more efficient lubricant than unsaturated fatty acid; and(7) a short carbon chain transfers heat more effectively than a long carbon chain. Palm oil is the optimum base oil of MQL grinding, and this base oil yields 26.98 N tangential grinding force,87.10 N normal grinding force, 119.6 °C grinding temperature, and 42.7% energy ratio coefficient.     

基于改进WKNN的位置指纹室内定位算法

位置指纹算法是目前解决室内定位问题的主要方法,指纹特征和匹配算法为影响算法精度的两大因素.针对室内复杂环境下Wi-Fi信号强度波动较大的现象,提出了基于方差的加权距离以改进WKNN算法.在离线特征提取阶段,选择了均值和方差两个特征值,既反映该采样点的RSS幅值,也反映该点RSS的波动情况;在线阶段,根据方差提出了加权距离进行相似度的计算,查找距离最近的K近邻点,并以实际环境下采集的数据验证了改进WKNN算法在RSS波动大的情况下对定位效果的改善,在综合考虑了AP组合的影响后,实现了误差均值为1.456m的定位效果.     

展向振荡对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

周期振荡作为一种有效的壁面流动控制手段受到广泛关注,而其对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响目前鲜有研究。本文采用高精度直接数值模拟（DNS）方法对马赫数2.9、12°激波入射角、强振荡下的激波/湍流边界层干扰进行了系统研究。通过与无振荡工况的定量比较,揭示了展向强振荡对干扰区内复杂流动结构的影响规律及作用机制,如分离泡尺度、物面压力脉动非定常特性、物面剪切的非定常特性及统计特征等。研究发现：在展向强振荡作用下,分离点位置提前,间歇区长度增大;同时由于分离泡内强黏性耗散的影响,展向振荡的穿透高度约为分离泡高度的4%,因而对流动结构不会产生实质影响。但展向强振荡会对壁面附近流动造成显著影响,如强振荡诱导的壁面展向速度远大于流向速度,造成流向剪切与展向剪切之间夹角的概率密度函数峰值从0°偏移到80°~90°之间。物面压力及剪切本征正交分解分析表明,展向振荡会导致模态能量从低阶模态向高阶模态转移,降低低频运动的能量占比,增强再附后Görtler涡等壁面附近旋涡结构的强度。     

超声速膨胀角入射激波/湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟

为了揭示膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、30°激波角的入射激波与10°膨胀角湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了数值研究。系统地探讨了激波入射点分别位于膨胀角上游、膨胀角角点和膨胀角下游3种工况下膨胀角干扰区内若干基本流动现象,如分离泡、物面压力脉动及激波非定常运动、湍流边界层统计特性和相干结构动力学过程等。结果表明,激波入射点流向位置改变对分离区流向和法向尺度的影响显著,尤其是当激波入射点位于角点及其下游区域。研究发现,膨胀角干扰区内物面压力脉动强度急剧减小,分离区内压力波向下游传播速度将降低而在膨胀区内将升高,膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡运动。相较于入射激波与平板湍流边界层干扰,入射激波流向位置改变对膨胀角再附区速度剖面对数区及尾迹区影响显著,将导致其内层结构参数升高而外层降低,近壁区内将呈现远离一组元湍流状态的趋势。此外,流向速度脉动场本征正交分解分析指出,主模态空间结构集中在分离激波及剪切层根部附近而高阶模态以边界层内小尺度正负交替脉动结构为主。低阶重构流场结果表明,前者对应为分离泡低频膨胀/收缩过程而后者表征为分离泡高频脉动。     

膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9,30°激波角的入射激波与膨胀角湍流边界层干扰问题进行了数值研究。入射激波在壁面上的名义入射点固定在膨胀角角点,膨胀角角度分别取为0°、2°、5°和10°。通过改变膨胀角角度,考察了膨胀效应对干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律和作用机制,如分离泡、物面压力脉动特性、膨胀区湍流边界层和物面剪切应力脉动场等。研究发现,膨胀角角度的增大使得分离区流向长度和法向高度急剧降低,尤其是在强膨胀效应下分离泡形态呈现整体往下游偏移的双峰结构。物面压力脉动功率谱结果表明,膨胀角为2°和5°时,分离激波的非定常运动仍表征为大尺度低频振荡,而膨胀角为10°,强膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡,加速了下游再附边界层物面压力脉动的恢复过程。膨胀区湍流边界层雷诺剪切应力各象限事件贡献和出现概率呈现逐步恢复到上游湍流边界层的趋势,Görtler-like流向涡结构展向和法向尺度变化剧烈,同时在近壁区将诱导生成大量小尺度流向涡。此外,物面剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,膨胀效应的影响体现在低阶模态能量的急剧降低从而使得高阶模态的总体贡献相对升高。     

航空发动机适航审定喘振与失速影响因素

将气动热力基础理论与适航领域工程问题有机结合,对典型的喘振和失速影响因素开展了系统的研究,发展了一套多影响因素作用下航空发动机稳定裕度快速预估方法;在此基础上以JT9D发动机为研究对象,开展了喘振和失速主要影响因素的影响规律研究,结果显示对风扇部件稳定裕度影响权重最大的是进气畸变,对增压级和高压压气机影响权重最大的是寿命期内结构衰变。研究结果进一步明确了喘振和失速适航条款符合性验证活动的关键要素,完善了条款适航符合性验证流程,为进一步提升我国民用发动机适航审定能力提供了技术支撑。