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Jan M. Wiener Simon J. Büchner Christoph Hölscher 《Spatial Cognition & Computation》2013,13(2):152-165
Abstract Although the term “Wayfinding” has been defined by several authors, it subsumes a whole set of tasks that involve different cognitive processes, drawing on different cognitive components. Research on wayfinding has been conducted with different paradigms using a variety of wayfinding tasks. This makes it difficult to compare the results and implications of many studies. A systematic classification is needed in order to determine and investigate the cognitive processes and structural components of how humans solve wayfinding problems. Current classifications of wayfinding distinguish tasks on a rather coarse level or do not take the navigator's knowledge, a key factor in wayfinding, into account. We present an extended taxonomy of wayfinding that distinguishes tasks by external constraints as well as by the level of spatial knowledge that is available to the navigator. The taxonomy will help to decrease ambiguity of wayfinding tasks and it will facilitate understanding of the differentiated demands a navigator faces when solving wayfinding problems. 相似文献
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Morphological, compositional, and biological evidence indicates the presence of numerous well-developed microbial hyphae structures distributed within four different sample splits of the Nakhla meteorite obtained from the British Museum (allocation BM1913,25). By examining depth profiles of the sample splits over time, morphological changes displayed by the structures were documented, as well as changes in their distribution on the samples, observations that indicate growth, decay, and reproduction of individual microorganisms. Biological staining with DNA-specific molecular dyes followed by epifluorescence microscopy showed that the hyphae structures contain DNA. Our observations demonstrate the potential of microbial interaction with extraterrestrial materials, emphasize the need for rapid investigation of Mars return samples as well as any other returned or impactor-delivered extraterrestrial materials, and suggest the identification of appropriate storage conditions that should be followed immediately after samples retrieved from the field are received by a handling/curation facility. The observations are further relevant in planetary protection considerations as they demonstrate that microorganisms may endure and reproduce in extraterrestrial materials over long (at least 4 years) time spans. The combination of microscopy images coupled with compositional and molecular staining techniques is proposed as a valid method for detection of life forms in martian materials as a first-order assessment. Time-resolved in situ observations further allow observation of possible (bio)dynamics within the system. 相似文献
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Jan Laštovička 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(4):61-64
The MAP/WINE winter 1983/84 is studied using the LF-MF-HF A3 absorption and 5 kHz atmospherics observed in Czechoslovakia and some other data. The “normal” winter anomaly in Central Europe is developed well in this winter (maximum in mid-January) and appears to be “free of geomagnetic contamination”. The stratospheric warming activity and related changes of prevailing zonal wind in the lower thermosphere in February and March 1984 are followed by decreases of absorption of radio waves. It agrees with our results from preceding winters /1/. 相似文献
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Karl-Heinz Glassmeier Jan Grosser Uli Auster Dragos Constantinescu Yasuhito Narita Stephan Stellmach 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):511-527
Embedded in a large mass density and strong interplanetary magnetic field solar wind environment and equipped with a magnetic
field of minor strength, planet Mercury exhibits a small magnetosphere vulnerable to severe solar wind buffeting. This causes
large variations in the size of the magnetosphere and its associated currents. External fields are of far more importance
than in the terrestrial case and of a size comparable to any internal, dynamo-generated field. Induction effects in the planetary
interior, dominated by its huge core, are thought to play a much more prominent role in the Hermean magnetosphere compared
to any of its companions. Furthermore, the external fields may cause planetary dynamo amplification much as discussed for
the Galilean moons Io and Ganymede, but with the ambient field generated by the dynamo and its magnetic field-solar wind interaction. 相似文献
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The observations of X-ray Type II bursts from the low-mass X-ray binary MXB 1730-335 can be explained by a particular form of magnetic gating in the presence of steady external accretion. The requirements are a strong magnetic field of the neutron star (7×1011–2×1012 gauss at the surface), rotational symmetry and alignment of the field axis with the axis of a steadily accreting disk to within 6°. 相似文献