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21.
We consider the problem of a spacecraft subjected to constant body-fixed forces and moments about all three axes during a spinning-up, thrusting maneuver. In applications, undesired forces and moments can arise due to thruster imbalances and misalignments and to center-of-mass offset. In previous works, approximate analytical solutions have been found for the attitude motion, and for the change in inertial velocity and inertial position. In this paper we find asymptotic and limiting-case expressions which we derive from the analytic solutions, in order to obtain simplified, practical formulas that lend insight into the motion. Specifically, we investigate how the motion evolves (1) as time grows without bound and (2) for geometric cases of the sphere, the thin rod, and the thin plate. Closed-forms or upper-bound limits are provided for angular velocities, Eulerian angles, angular momentum pointing error, transverse and axial velocities, and transverse and axial displacements. Summaries for the asymptotic limits (for zero initial conditions) are provided in tabular form. Results are verified by numerical simulations. 相似文献
22.
We review the implications of modern higher-dimensional theories of gravity for astrophysics and cosmology. In particular, we discuss the latest developments of STM theory in connection with dark matter, particle dynamics and the cosmological constant, as well as related aspects of quantum theory. There are also more immediate tests of extra dimensions, notably involving perturbations of the cosmic 3K microwave background and the precession of a supercooled gyroscope in Earth orbit. We also outline some general features of embeddings, and include pictures of the big bang as viewed from a higher dimension. 相似文献
23.
Extraterrestrial infrastructure is key to the development of a space economy. Means for accelerating transition from today's isolated projects to a broad-based economy are considered. A large system integration approach is proposed. The beginnings of an economic simulation model are presented, along with examples of how interactions and coordination bring down costs. A global organization focused on space infrastructure and economic expansion is proposed to plan, coordinate, fund and implement infrastructure construction. This entity also opens a way to raise low-cost capital and solve the legal and public policy issues of access to extraterrestrial resources. 相似文献
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Despite predictions to the contrary at various times from 1957 to 2007, the first 50 years of space security have ended without an arms race or military combat. Arguably, the three riskiest years were 1962, 1983, and 2001. Looking for lessons from these cases, we can identify four primary trends that helped states avoid arms races and direct conflicts in orbit: (1) risks of collective “bads”; (2) fear of action–reaction dynamics; (3) the high cost of space weapons; and (4) the asset of transparency. As we look ahead, trends toward a continued focus on these factors in space security seem strong. But successful prevention of future space warfare will require strengthened forms of individual and collective restraint by all actors in space. 相似文献
26.
Deborah L. Domingue Clark R. Chapman Rosemary M. Killen Thomas H. Zurbuchen Jason A. Gilbert Menelaos Sarantos Mehdi Benna James A. Slavin David Schriver Pavel M. Trávníček Thomas M. Orlando Ann L. Sprague David T. Blewett Jeffrey J. Gillis-Davis William C. Feldman David J. Lawrence George C. Ho Denton S. Ebel Larry R. Nittler Faith Vilas Carle M. Pieters Sean C. Solomon Catherine L. Johnson Reka M. Winslow Jörn Helbert Patrick N. Peplowski Shoshana Z. Weider Nelly Mouawad Noam R. Izenberg William E. McClintock 《Space Science Reviews》2014,181(1-4):121-214
Mercury’s regolith, derived from the crustal bedrock, has been altered by a set of space weathering processes. Before we can interpret crustal composition, it is necessary to understand the nature of these surface alterations. The processes that space weather the surface are the same as those that form Mercury’s exosphere (micrometeoroid flux and solar wind interactions) and are moderated by the local space environment and the presence of a global magnetic field. To comprehend how space weathering acts on Mercury’s regolith, an understanding is needed of how contributing processes act as an interactive system. As no direct information (e.g., from returned samples) is available about how the system of space weathering affects Mercury’s regolith, we use as a basis for comparison the current understanding of these same processes on lunar and asteroidal regoliths as well as laboratory simulations. These comparisons suggest that Mercury’s regolith is overturned more frequently (though the characteristic surface time for a grain is unknown even relative to the lunar case), more than an order of magnitude more melt and vapor per unit time and unit area is produced by impact processes than on the Moon (creating a higher glass content via grain coatings and agglutinates), the degree of surface irradiation is comparable to or greater than that on the Moon, and photon irradiation is up to an order of magnitude greater (creating amorphous grain rims, chemically reducing the upper layers of grains to produce nanometer-scale particles of metallic iron, and depleting surface grains in volatile elements and alkali metals). The processes that chemically reduce the surface and produce nanometer-scale particles on Mercury are suggested to be more effective than similar processes on the Moon. Estimated abundances of nanometer-scale particles can account for Mercury’s dark surface relative to that of the Moon without requiring macroscopic grains of opaque minerals. The presence of nanometer-scale particles may also account for Mercury’s relatively featureless visible–near-infrared reflectance spectra. Characteristics of material returned from asteroid 25143 Itokawa demonstrate that this nanometer-scale material need not be pure iron, raising the possibility that the nanometer-scale material on Mercury may have a composition different from iron metal [such as (Fe,Mg)S]. The expected depletion of volatiles and particularly alkali metals from solar-wind interaction processes are inconsistent with the detection of sodium, potassium, and sulfur within the regolith. One plausible explanation invokes a larger fine fraction (grain size <45 μm) and more radiation-damaged grains than in the lunar surface material to create a regolith that is a more efficient reservoir for these volatiles. By this view the volatile elements detected are present not only within the grain structures, but also as adsorbates within the regolith and deposits on the surfaces of the regolith grains. The comparisons with findings from the Moon and asteroids provide a basis for predicting how compositional modifications induced by space weathering have affected Mercury’s surface composition. 相似文献
27.
Evidence suggests that changes of solar irradiance in recent centuries have provided a significant climate forcing and that the sun has been one of the principal causes of long-term climate change. During the past two decades the solar forcing has been much smaller than the climate forcing caused by increasing greenhouse gases. But it is incorrect to assume that the sun necessarily will be an insignificant player in climate change of the 21st century. Indeed, I argue that moderate success in curtailing the growth of anthropogenic climate forcings could leave the sun playing a pivotal role in future climate change. 相似文献
28.
Journal of Reducing Space Mission Cost - 相似文献
29.
两台F136原型机近日达到静态试验的里程碑,这是GE和罗-罗公司为期10年的F-35联合攻击战斗机(JSF)备用发动机开发计划的一部分。GE/罗—罗战斗机发动机小组刚刚在邻近辛辛那提市的GE交通运输部门的高空试验台完成了舰载型和常规起降型F-35的F136所必需的试验。前不久还完成了追加的最终功率校准工程试验。 相似文献
30.