钟滑动辅助GNSS定位算法研究

针对GNSS卫星星座几何形状不好或者观测卫星数量不足,无法为导航解算和自主完好性监测提供足够观测量的问题,提出采用GNSS接收机时钟观测值进行辅助定位,提高定位精度,实现自主完好性监测。通过对接收机时钟建模,引入本地钟的钟差方程、辅助接收机观测方程,从而建立了一套完整的钟滑动辅助定位算法。通过对采集的真实数据作计算机仿真,证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。结果表明,在卫星星座几何形状较差或者某颗卫星出现故障时,利用钟差辅助算法能够有效地排除故障星,得到较好的定位结果。     

基于AHP层次分析和模糊评判的教学质量评价

通过层次分析法建立评价体系的层次排序,以此建立教学质量评价的模糊综合评判模型,之后利用模糊评判法对教师教学质量进行综合得分评价,实现学院教学评价管理的科学性和合理性。     

Passive tracking scheme for a single stationary observer

While there are many techniques for bearings-only tracking (BOT) in the ocean environment, they do not apply directly to the land situation. Generally, for tactical reasons, the land observer platform is stationary; but, it has two sensors, visible and infrared, for measuring bearings and a laser range finder (LRF) for measuring range. There is a requirement to develop a new BOT data fusion scheme that fuses the two sets of bearing readings, and together with a single LRF measurement, produces a unique track. This paper first develops a parameterized solution for the target speeds, and then heading, prior to the occurrence of the LRF measurement, when the track is unobservable. At, and after the LRF measurement, a BOT, formulated as a least squares (LS) estimator, then produces a unique LS estimate of the target states. Bearing readings from the other sensor serve as instrumental variables in a data fusion setting to eliminate the bias in the BOT estimator. The result is an unbiased and decentralized data fusion scheme. Results from two simulation experiments have corroborated the theoretical development and show also that the scheme is optimal.     

Predicting and adapting satellite channels with weather-induced impairments

Efficiency improvements using predictive and adaptive methods over satellite channels with weather-induced impairments are presented. Scintillation and rain attenuation are the two dominant factors for signal fading over satellite-Earth paths at operating frequencies over 10 GHz. We develop statistical and spectral analyses of these processes, and obtain simple linear predictors for received signal attenuation using autoregressive (AR) models. For adaptation, we propose changing signal transmission power, modulation symbol size, and/or code rate as the state of the channel changes. In particular, we introduce a continuous power control and discrete rate control strategy. Quantitative analyses of power consumption and channel capacity indicate that there can be a substantial gain in performance with such adaptive schemes.     

Solution and performance analysis of geolocation by TDOA

One method of geolocation is based on measuring the time difference of arrivals (TDOAs) of a signal received by three or four geostationary satellites. The received signals are cross-correlated to determine the TDOAs and a set of nonlinear equations are solved to produce the location estimate. An exact solution for the transmitter position is derived for the three or four receiver cases. Extension of the solution method to more receivers is straightforward. An analysis of the performance of the system is given, together with expressions for predicting the localization mean-square errors (MSEs) and bias, and the Cramer-Rao bound. Both precision in TDOA measurements and the relative geometry between receivers and transmitter affect the localization accuracy. The geometric factors act as multipliers to the TDOA variance in the bias and MSE formulae. A study of the dependency of the geometric factors on transmitter position and satellite spacings are provided, as well as simulation results     

Direction finding with a four-element Adcock-Butler matrix antennaarray

The conventional analog Adcock-Butler matrix (ABM) antenna array direction finder suffers from systemic errors, component matching problems, and bandwidth limitations. Three digital bearing estimators are developed as candidates to replace the analog signal processing portion of the ABM. Using the same antenna array, they perform all signal processing in the frequency domain, thereby benefitting from the computational efficiency of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. The first estimator requires two analog-to-digital converters (A-D) and three antenna elements. It multiplies the difference between the discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) of the output signals from two antenna elements with that from a third antenna element. At each frequency component, the phase of this product is a function of the bearing. A weighted least squares (LS) fit through all the phase components then gives a bearing estimate. The second estimator is similar to the first but uses three A-D and all four antenna elements. The output signal from the additional antenna element provides an independent estimate of the weights for the LS fit, giving an improvement in accuracy. The third estimator applies the physical constraint existing between the time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) of a signal intercepted by two perpendicular sets of antenna elements. This yields a better estimator than simple averaging of the bearing from each set of antenna elements. The simulation studies used sinusoids and broadband signals to corroborate the theoretical treatment and demonstrate the accuracy achievable with these estimators. All three direction finders have superior performance in comparison with the analog ABM     

A new zero-voltage switching DC/DC boost converter

A pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) zero-voltage-switching quasi-resonant boost converter operating at constant switching frequency is presented. In contrast to the frequency-modulated (FM) zero-voltage-switching quasi-resonant boost converter, this converter possesses better controllability and higher operating performance, and overcomes the instability caused by the parasitic oscillation. The principle of operation and performance of the converter are presented. Its two-dimensional state trajectories and steady-state characteristic curves are derived which are useful for the converter design. Both the SPICE simulation and experimental result agree with the theoretical prediction     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW PATTERNS IN PLANAR JETS

INTRODUCTIONTurbulent jet flow is the most widely usedflow type in engineering applications especiallyfor combustion engines which provide most ener-gy sources for industrial production and trans-portation,and a large proportion of energy trans-portation and conversion processes is dominatedby transient evolution of large- scale structures,or so called coherent structures,in turbulentjets.As the flow control and optimization pro-cesses are closely related to the understanding ofdetailed in…     

Bearings-only and Doppler-bearing tracking using instrumentalvariables

In bearings-only tracking (BOT) or Doppler and bearing tracking (DBT), both common passive sonar problems, the measurement equations are nonlinear. To apply the Kalman filter, it is necessary either to linearize the equations or to embed the nonlinearities into the noise terms. The former sometimes leads to filter divergence, while the latter produces biased estimates. A formulation of BOT and DBT which has a constant state vector and simplifies the tracking problem to one of constant parameter estimation is given. The solution is by the instrumental variable method. The instrumental variables are obtained from predictions based on past measurements and are therefore independent of the present noisy measurements. The result is a recursive unbiased estimator. The theoretical developments are verified by simulation, which also shows that the formulation leads to near optimal estimators whose errors are close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB)     

A Kalman Tracker with a Simple Input Estimator

Two Kalman filter based schemes are proposed for tracking maneuvering targets. Both schemes use least squares to estimate a target's acceleration input vector and to update the tracker by this estimate. The first scheme is simpler and by an approximation to its input estimator the computation can be considerably reduced with insignificant performance degradation. The second scheme requires two Kalman filters and hence is more complex. However, since one of its two filters assumes input noise, it may outperform the first scheme when input noise is indeed present. A detector that compares the weighted norm of the estimated input vector to a threshold is used in each scheme. Its function is to guard against false updating of the trackers and to keep the error covariance small during constant velocity tracks. Simulation results for various target profiles are included. They show that in terms of tracking performance, both schemes are comparable. However, because of its computation simplicity, the first scheme is far superior.