玻璃基环形振动微陀螺谐振子的设计与制造工艺

针对传统单晶硅材料热胀系数不稳定引起的硅基环形振动微陀螺的温度漂移问题,开展了玻璃基环形振动微陀螺谐振子的设计,并提出了一种新型的玻璃基准三维微结构制造工艺,借助微型电子机械系统（MEMS）工艺中成熟的深硅刻蚀、阳极键合、化学机械抛光等通用加工技术,融合玻璃熔融工艺,解决了玻璃基准三维微结构的制造工艺难题,同时保证了高的加工精度,实现了玻璃基环形振动微陀螺谐振子的高精度批量制造。     

Travel, Sex, and Food: What's Speciation Got to Do with It?

Abstract We discuss the potential interactions among travel (dispersal and gene flow), bacterial "sex" (mainly as horizontal gene transfer), and food (metabolic plasticity and responses to nutrient availability) in shaping microbial communities. With regard to our work at a unique desert oasis, the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin in Coahuila, Mexico, we propose that diversification and low phosphorus availability, in combination with mechanisms for nutrient recycling and community cohesion, result in enhanced speciation through reproductive as well as geographic isolation. We also discuss these mechanisms in the broader sense of ecology and evolution. Of special relevance to astrobiology and central to evolutionary biology, we ask why there are so many species on Earth and provide a working hypothesis and a conceptual framework within which to consider the question. Key Words: Microbial ecology-Microbial mats-Evolution-Horizontal gene transfer-Metabolism. Astrobiology 12, 634-640.     

The cuatro ciénegas basin in coahuila, Mexico: an astrobiological precambrian park

Abstract The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) is a rare oasis in the Chihuahuan Desert in the state of Coahuila, Mexico. It has a biological endemism similar to that of the Galapagos Islands, and its spring-fed ecosystems have very low nutrient content (nitrogen or phosphorous) and are dominated by diverse microbialites. Thus, it has proven to be a distinctive opportunity for the field of astrobiology, as the CCB can be seen as a proxy for an earlier time in Earth's history, in particular the late Precambrian, the biological frontier when prokaryotic life yielded at least partial dominance to eukaryotes and multicellular life. It is a kind of ecological time machine that provides abundant opportunities for collaborative investigations by geochemists, geologists, ecologists, and population biologists in the study of the evolutionary processes that structured Earth-based life, especially in the microbial realm. The CCB is an object of investigation for the identification of biosignatures of past and present biota that can be used in our search for extraterrestrial life. In this review, we summarize CCB research efforts that began with microbial ecology and population biology projects and have since been expanded into broader efforts that involve biogeochemistry, comparative genomics, and assessments of biosignatures. We also propose that, in the future, the CCB is sanctioned as a "Precambrian Park" for astrobiology. Key Words: Microbial mats-Stromatolites-Early Earth-Extremophilic microorganisms-Microbial ecology. Astrobiology 12, 641-647.     

用于空间舱火灾预警的气体检测技术研究

针对空间舱火灾的风险和早期预警需求,提出了一种用于空间舱火灾预警的气体检测装置设计方案。该方案首先基于微重力条件下燃烧特征和相关非金属材料燃烧试验,提出了适用空间舱火灾预警的目标气体类型和对应的指标要求以及组分气体火灾报警策略,并以此为根据设计了基于激光吸收光谱技术用于火灾探测的四通道气体检测系统,同时搭建了单通道气体检测装置。试验结果显示:单通道气体检测装置的T90响应时间约为1 s,且在-30～60℃范围内温度对浓度测量的影响小于1%,响应快速性及免标定功能均得到了试验验证。     

Monitoring the state of the human airways by analysis of respiratory sound

A mechanism whereby sound is generated by the motion of vortices in the human lung is described. This mechanism is believed to be responsible for most of the sound which is generated both on inspiration and expiration in normal lungs. Mathematical expressions for the frequencies of sound generated, which depend only upon the axial flow velocity and diameters of the bronchi, are derived. This theory allows the location within the bronchial tree from which particular sounds emanate to be determined. Redistribution of pulmonary blood volume following transition from Earth gravity to the weightless state probably alters the caliber of certain airways and doubtless alters sound transmission properties of the lung. We believe that these changes can be monitored effectively and non-invasively by spectral analysis of pulmonary sound.     

海洋地貌实验测高计（TOPEX）

自SKYLAB—1、GEOS—3和SEASAT—1卫星测高技术开展以来,到目前美国计划的GEOSAT—A,在设备的精度方面相继有了改善,与此同时对设备内部和外部因素的影响有了更深刻的理解。要实现TOPEX 2cm精度的任务,必须加强设计有效性的论证。TOPEX测高计将使用高脉冲速率、脉冲串波形和双频(13.6/5.3GHz)工作,以使高度测量噪声最小和消除电离层偏差。     

Bone loss during long term space flight is prevented by the application of a short term impulsive mechanical stimulus

In long term space flight, the mechanical forces applied to the skeleton are substantially reduced and are altered in character. This reduced skeletal loading results in a reduction in bone mass. Exercise techniques currently used in space can maintain muscle mass but the mechanical stimulus provided by this exercise does not prevent bone loss. By applying an external impulsive load for a short period each day, which is intended to mimic the heel strike transient, to the lower limb of an astronaut during a long term space flight (5 months), this study tests the hypothesis that the bone cells can be activated by an appropriate external mechanical stimulus to maintain bone mass throughout prolonged periods of weightlessness. A mechanical loading device was developed to produce a loading of the os-calcis similar to that observed during the heel strike transient. The device is activated by the astronaut to provide a transient load to the heel of one leg whilst providing an equivalent exercising load to the other leg. During the EUROMIR95 mission on the MIR space station, an astronaut used this device for a short period daily throughout the duration of the mission. Pre- and post-flight measurements of bone mineral density (BMD) of the os-calcis and femoral neck of the astronaut were made to determine the efficacy of the device in preventing loss of bone mineral during the mission. On the os-calcis which received the mechanical stimulus, BMD was maintained throughout the period of the flight, while it was reduced by up to 7% on the os-calcis which received no stimulus. Post-flight, BMD in both the stimulated and non-stimulated os-calcis reduces, the extent of this reduction however is less in the stimulated os-calcis. For the femoral neck, the mechanical stimulation does not produce a positive effect.