Was there a late Archean biospheric explosion?

There is a growing body of evidence which suggests that the evolution of the planet drives the evolution of the biosphere. There have been 2 significant stages in Earth history when atmospheric oxygen levels rose rapidly, and both appear to be associated with supercontinent cycles. The earlier biospheric event, which extends across the Archean-Proterozoic boundary (ca. 3.0-2.2 Ga), has received little attention and is the focus of this study. Recent work on the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia has shown that concretion formed by microbial activity during the diagenesis of these sediments are absent from early Archean sediments but abundant in late Archean and early Paleoproterozoic successions of the Hamersley Basin, appearing abruptly in sedimentary rocks younger than 2.7 Ga. This study suggests that their internal architecture may have been defined by the diffusion of humic acids and the formation of polymer gels during diagenesis. The data imply that the biosphere expanded suddenly shortly after 3.0 Ga and may have begun to raise the oxygen levels of the oceanic water column earlier than thought-possibly as much as 300 my earlier.     

火箭残骸处理方式及风险控制

一般而言,火箭残骸包括飞行过程中再入大气层的部分,以及火箭与有效载荷分离之后进入太空的一部分箭体.火箭的结构体包括助推器、子级乃至整流罩,在发挥完各自作用后,都会在火箭飞行的不同阶段分离、掉落.火箭残骸的处理方式及风险控制是值得关注的话题. 一、残骸处理方式 根据火箭残骸分离时刻的速度和高度,可以把火箭残骸分为入轨和不...     

"长征五号"系列运载火箭总体方案与关键技术

"长征五号"(CZ-5)运载火箭是中国全新研制的新一代大型运载火箭,先后圆满完成了中国首次火星探测、探月三期工程"嫦娥五号"探测器发射任务.运载火箭历经30余年关键技术攻关和工程研制,在研制过程中,研发团队攻克了大量的工程技术难题,积累了丰富的大型低温运载火箭研制经验,构建了新一代运载火箭的研制体系,运载火箭的研制能力...     

弯曲壁面流动分离及再附的尺度解析模拟

为准确预测弯曲壁面发生的流动分离及再附现象,基于模拟应力混合思想构建了新的RANS/LES混合框架,涡黏系数和湍动能耗散项中的长度尺度同步切换、涡解析区动态确定亚过滤尺度模型系数、采用混合过滤尺度匹配动态模型,并据此构造了k-ω基动态应力混合模型。首先利用槽道湍流检验了基准的亚过滤尺度模型和近壁RANS模型,前者解析获得了正确的湍流脉动近壁行为和相干结构,后者以很小代价捕捉到了雷诺应力分量的各向异性和松弛效应。随后利用周期性山算例考核了动态应力混合模型对分离再附湍流的预测精度,并与DDES,IDDES及SAS模型进行了对比。结果表明,三项改进使得动态应力混合模型具有近壁模拟能力且不存在对数律不匹配问题,涡解析能力优于DES类隐含的准代数模型,能够更好地捕捉压力梯度诱导的流动分离和再附,获得更为准确的壁面剪切应力、摩擦系数、压力系数、回流区,分离剪切层相干结构的分辨率更高。     

New results for the space radiation environment of MIR space station obtained by Liulin dosimeter-radiometer. Comparison with LET spectrometer NAUSICAA

Since 1988 high sensitivity semiconductor dosimeter-radiometer “Liulin” worked on board of MIR space station. Device measured the absorbed dose rate and the flux of penetrating particles. The analysis of the data hows the following new results:

In October 1989 and after March 24, 1991, two additional stable maximums in flux channel were observed in the southern-eastern part of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). These two maximums existed at least several months and seem to be due to trapped high energy electron and proton fluxes. In April 1991 additional maximums were localized in the following geographical coordinates regions: LATITUDE = (−35 °)–(−50 °) LONGITUDE = 332 ° − 16 ° and lat.(−46 °)–(−52 °) long. 360 ° − 60 °. Additional maximums diffusion occurs inside radiation belt. Appearance of these maximums seems to be closely connected with preceding powerful solar proton events and associated geomagnetic dynamics of new belt disturbances. After the series of solar proton events in June 1991 we observed significant enhancement of this new radiation belt formation. To achieve sufficient accuracy of dose rate predictions in low Earth orbits the structure and dynamics of new belt should be carefully analyzed to be included in a new environment model.

From the inter comparison of the data from “Liulin” and French developed tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA in the time period August–November 1992 we come to the following conclusions: Mainly there is good agreement between both data sets for absorbed dose in the region of SAA; Different situation of the instruments on the station can explain the cases when differences up to 2 times are observed; At high latitudes usually the tissue equivalent absorbed dose observations are 2 times larger than “Liulin” doses.     

靶场标准化及自动化计划第二阶段

一、靶场背景 美国主要的航天发射场,包括东靶场(位于弗罗里达州卡纳维拉尔角)和西靶场(位于加利福尼亚州范登堡空军基地)起源于50年代,在随后的几十年内进行了逐步扩展和改进。直到前不久移交给空军空间司令部时,这些靶场才更多地用作研究和开发单位,而不只是操作运行单位。逐步改造使它们具备了支持发射新型航天器、弹道导弹以及逐步发展起来的     

大数据分析方法在风洞试验中的应用

针对风洞常规试验采用阶梯抽样采集的方法,得到的试验数据和信息较少,导致试验数据分析和试验故障分析困难的问题,尝试在风洞常规试验中构建起风洞试验大数据的采集、收集和分析处理平台,并利用大数据较强的洞察能力,助力风洞试验中的疑难问题的分析。主要通过将风洞采集方法改为连续采集试验全程数据,开发杂混数据的通用风洞试验数据处理程序,开发海量试验数据分析显示软件等步骤,搭建起风洞试验大数据综合处理系统。并通过此平台对风洞试验大数据进行挖掘计算,使隐含的有用信息显现出来,为试验数据和试验故障深入分析指明方向。该平台在2m量级的高速风洞试验中的应用表明,此系统实现了风洞试验全程全部试验数据信息的采集,实现了风洞试验大数据的处理分析和结果展示。通过大数据分析有助于快速理清常规试验中的疑难问题。通过对风洞传统采集、处理方法的改进,实现了风洞试验从传统的阶梯抽样采集的小数据时代到采集全部试验数据信息的大数据时代的转变。从风洞试验大数据中获取的频率、概率、相关关系等数据可以为故障的定位分析、事件因果关系的分析等提供有力的数据支持。     

Terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy: a potential approach to the in situ detection of life's metabolic and genetic machinery

We propose a terahertz (far-infrared) circular dichroism-based life-detection technology that may provide a universal and unequivocal spectroscopic signature of living systems regardless of their genesis. We argue that, irrespective of the specifics of their chemistry, all life forms will employ well-structured, chiral, stereochemically pure macromolecules (>500 atoms) as the catalysts with which they perform their metabolic and replicative functions. We also argue that nearly all such macromolecules will absorb strongly at terahertz frequencies and exhibit significant circular dichroism, and that this circular dichroism unambiguously distinguishes biological from abiological materials. Lastly, we describe several approaches to the fabrication of a terahertz circular dichroism spectrometer and provide preliminary experimental indications of their feasibility. Because terahertz circular dichroism signals arise from the molecular machinery necessary to carry out life's metabolic and genetic processes, this life-detection method differs fundamentally from more well-established approaches based on the detection of isotopic fractionation, "signature" carbon compounds, disequilibria, or other by-products of metabolism. Moreover, terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy detects this machinery in a manner that makes few, if any, assumptions as to its chemical nature or the processes that it performs.     

Earth's earliest biosphere-a proposal to develop a collection of curated archean geologic reference materials

The discovery of evidence indicative of life in a Martian meteorite has led to an increase in interest in astrobiology. As a result of this discovery, and the ensuing controversy, it has become apparent that our knowledge of the early development of life on Earth is limited. Archean stratigraphic successions containing evidence of Earth's early biosphere are well preserved in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. The craton includes part of a protocontinent consisting of granitoid complexes that were emplaced into, and overlain by, a 3.51-2.94 Ga volcanigenic carapace - the Pilbara Supergroup. The craton is overlain by younger supracrustal basins that form a time series recording Earth history from approximately 2.8 Ga to approximately 1.9 Ga. It is proposed that a well-documented suite of these ancient rocks be collected as reference material for Archean and astrobiological research. All samples would be collected in a well-defined geological context in order to build a framework to test models for the early evolution of life on Earth and to develop protocols for the search for life on other planets.     

NASA深空网（DSN）的现状及发展趋势

详细介绍了美国深空网的发展过程、目前的状况以及未来的主要发展计划。