改进（DSP）模型运用于货运中心信息系统规划

货运中心信息系统规划,是围绕着公路货物运输网络的信息系统布局,对货运中心适站量的信息输送方式,信息作业规模、以及信息系统的建设水平进行规划。在货物运输过程中,该信息系统需要处理有关物品运输、中转换装、车辆调度、运输代理等多方面的信息流,使之密切配合物流系统的管理,提高货物运输服务水平、工作效率及经济效益。该信息系统群的作业过程,是由一组与物流组织相关的成对信息系统,对每对O—D流进行作业。在满足运输网络流需求的条件下,信息系统的布局应要求以最低的系统费用或最好的效益来安排建设序列。DSP模型是送货系统问题规划模型,本文对该模型进行了适当的改造,首次将之运用到货运中心信息系统规划问题中。主要变化是:(1)一个货运中心为一个节点,所覆盖的运输区内的用户端点都合并到该节点中;(2)成本系数为决策变量的直接相关的函数。本方法已成功地应用于甘肃省货运中心运输网络规划,取得了满意的结果。     

Surface and downhole prospecting tools for planetary exploration: tests of neutron and gamma ray probes

The ability to locate and characterize icy deposits and other hydrogenous materials on the Moon and Mars will help us understand the distribution of water and, therefore, possible habitats at Mars, and may help us locate primitive prebiotic compounds at the Moon's poles. We have developed a rover-borne neutron probe that localizes a near-surface icy deposit and provides information about its burial depth and abundance. We have also developed a borehole neutron probe to determine the stratigraphy of hydrogenous subsurface layers while operating within a drill string segment. In our field tests, we have used a neutron source to "illuminate" surrounding materials and gauge the instruments' efficacy, and we can simulate accurately the observed instrument responses using a Monte Carlo nuclear transport code (MCNPX). An active neutron source would not be needed for lunar or martian near-surface exploration: cosmic-ray interactions provide sufficient neutron flux to depths of several meters and yield better depth and abundance sensitivity than an active source. However, for deep drilling (>or=10 m depth), a source is required. We also present initial tests of a borehole gamma ray lithodensity tool and demonstrate its utility in determining soil or rock densities and composition.     

Positive psychological effects of space missions

Being in space is a powerful experience that can have an enduring, positive impact on the psychological well-being of astronauts and cosmonauts. We sought to examine the frequency, intensity and distribution of such salutogenic experiences among persons who have flown in space, using a questionnaire we developed based on the scientific literature and first person accounts. All participants reported positive effects of being in space, but the degree of change varied widely, and some experiences were particularly common. Three of our five predicted attitude-behavior relationships were supported by the data. Response patterns did not vary according to demographics or time in space. Cluster analysis yielded two groups of participants. One group was generally more reactive and also placed a higher priority on perceptions of space than did the other group. We conclude that positive experiences are common among space travelers and seem to cluster into meaningful patterns that may be consequential for Mars missions. We consider the possible selection, training, and monitoring issues raised by our findings.     

NASA's new Mars Exploration Program: the trajectory of knowledge

NASA's newly restructured Mars Exploration Program (MEP) is finally on the way to Mars with the successful April 7 launch of the 2001 Mars Odyssey Orbiter. In addition, the announcement by the Bush Administration that the exploration of Mars will be a priority within NASA's Office of Space Science further cements the first decade of the new millennium as one of the major thrusts to understand the "new" Mars. Over the course of the past year and a half, an integrated team of managers, scientists, and engineers has crafted a revamped MEP to respond to the scientific as well as management and resource challenges associated with deep space exploration of the Red Planet. This article describes the new program from the perspective of its guiding philosophies, major events, and scientific strategy. It is intended to serve as a roadmap to the next 10-15 years of Mars exploration from the NASA viewpoint. [For further details, see the Mars Exploration Program web site (URL): http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov]. The new MEP will certainly evolve in response to discoveries, to successes, and potentially to setbacks as well. However, the design of the restructured strategy is attentive to risks, and a major attempt to instill resiliency in the program has been adopted. Mars beckons, and the next decade of exploration should provide the impetus for a follow-on decade in which multiple sample returns and other major program directions are executed. Ultimately the vision to consider the first human scientific expeditions to the Red Planet will be enabled. By the end of the first decade of this program, we may know where and how to look for the elusive clues associated with a possible martian biological record, if any was every preserved, even if only as "chemical fossils."     

微纳卫星热状态仿真及分析

卫星热控系统通过调节星上热量收集、转移、排放的过程，从而达到控制星体温度水平和温度稳定性的目的，对卫星进行在轨热状态分析和依据分析结果进行热控措施调节与评估至关重要。针对低轨微纳卫星热状态分析的关键问题，给出了卫星在轨时刻所受空间外热流的计算方法，在此基础上，综合考虑温度影响因素和传热特点，建立了卫星外壳、辐射器、内环境和内外部单机的瞬时温度计算模型。以一低轨微纳卫星为例进行仿真计算，对结果进行了分析与讨论，为进一步深入研究卫星的热控设计提供了快速、简便的分析方法。     

装备系统剩余使用寿命预测技术研究进展

社会的稳定发展离不开制造业的高水平发展，生产是制造业的关键步骤，长期持续稳定的产出依赖于装备系统的稳定运行。系统故障引起的停产势必会造成一定的经济损失。如何尽早地发现装备系统的故障来避免停工停产带来的经济损失，已经成为了当前应用研究中的热点。采用定期人工检查的传统方法不仅提高了生产成本，还使得问题发现较为滞后，达不到实时监控的目的。而且，随着信息技术的高速发展，装备系统的监测也变得更加智能化。利用装备系统的历史数据检测其状态能够更敏捷、更高效地发现装备运行中的“亚健康”问题，能给装备管理者提供有益的决策支持。基于装备剩余使用寿命的数据预测，能够提供高效智能的解决方案，在工业领域有着宽广的应用前景。因此，本文聚焦于装备系统剩余使用寿命预测技术的研究进展，对近年来剩余使用寿命预测的研究进行归纳总结，并讨论各剩余使用寿命预测理论与方法的优缺点。最后，总结并展望装备系统剩余使用寿命预测技术的未来研究方向和发展趋势。     

基于空间分布特性多层RX高光谱点目标检测

针对目前高光谱图像异常点目标检测过程中准确率低和虚警率高的问题,本文结合目标的空间分布特性,提出了一种多层级RX检测方法。通过计算被检测区域图像谱向相似性响应图,采用非线性抑制的方法,突出点目标并抑制背景。为进一步提高检测算法的表达能力和泛化性能,采用多级检测器级联的方式,逐层级增强异常点处的相对能量,削弱背景的影响,从而达到较高的检测性能。在外场挂飞试验数据集上进行验证,结果表明:该方法 AUC值达到0.988 1,明显优于CEM算法的0.962 6和传统RX算法的0.939 2。     

含铝固体燃料冲压发动机工作性能分析

为探究含铝固体燃料冲压发动机的燃烧特性和工作性能，基于纳米铝颗粒和端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）的混合固体燃料，采用雷诺转捩模型、颗粒表面反应模型和涡概念耗散模型，建立了二维两相湍流燃烧模型；数值计算分析了含铝固体燃料冲压发动机内流场，以及不同含铝质量分数和粒径下的燃面退移速率、推力与比冲。结果表明：发动机的进气条件对颗粒相的燃烧与运动起主导作用；与纯HTPB推进剂相比，添加质量分数为5%的铝颗粒能够提高补燃室压强和温度，增大燃烧室内高温区面积，可使推进剂平均燃面退移速率提高18.53%，发动机推力提高21.37%，密度比冲提高2.38%，适当增加铝颗粒含量或减小粒径，对提高推进剂燃面退移速率、发动机推力和密度比冲具有积极作用。     

大涡模拟技术在航空湍流研究中的应用

航空湍流是威胁飞行安全的重要因素，它的形成机制复杂，一直是航空气象研究中的重点难点问题之一。近年来，随着大涡模拟（large eddy simulation,LES）技术的发展，LES已经成为研究航空湍流问题的重要方法。本文围绕在飞机起降阶段的飞机尾涡和低空湍流以及巡航阶段的对流湍流、山地波湍流和晴空湍流这五类航空湍流对飞机颠簸造成的影响，综述了LES技术在相关方向的研究进展，并对LES技术应用中亟需解决的问题及未来的重点研究方向进行了总结与展望。整体来看，航空湍流的LES模拟研究已经取得较大进展，高分辨率的LES可以更加明确航空湍流的来源和生命周期，显著提升了对航空湍流的机制认知和诊断预警能力。但在机制方面，对各种复杂湍流过程的相互影响机制仍然不够清楚；在数值模式技术方面，LES模拟与模式初始状态、边界条件和模式参数化方案的敏感性问题仍然有待解决。未来，LES与中尺度区域模式变网格嵌套技术、动态网格技术、集合预报与概率预报技术的发展，以及与深度学习等方法的结合都将进一步有效提升LES在航空湍流模拟方面的计算效率和预报能力。     

低铝低燃速HTPB推进剂工艺性能研究

为研究固体填料粒度级配及工艺助剂对低铝低燃速HTPB推进剂工艺性能的影响，依据固体颗粒堆积最密集排列理论，建立了固体颗粒级配模型，结合固体填料实际粒径，计算得到两种理想刚性球的堆积结果，并在此基础上考察了不同级配配方药浆流动性及触变性。同时，通过筛选工艺助剂种类及优化最适助剂用量，对比了加入不同工艺助剂配方药浆的触变性。结果表明：当采用双二级配模型，计算出的固体颗粒级配比例最优；通过进一步优化固体颗粒级配，结合药浆触变环大小快速判定了推进剂固体级配的合理性，提高了低铝低燃速HTPB推进剂配方工艺性能的可设计性；当工艺助剂选用SU-2，且用量为0.03%时，推进剂工艺性能明显改善，适用期可达596min。