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81.
The Electric Antennas for the STEREO/WAVES Experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. D. Bale R. Ullrich K. Goetz N. Alster B. Cecconi M. Dekkali N. R. Lingner W. Macher R. E. Manning J. McCauley S. J. Monson T. H. Oswald M. Pulupa 《Space Science Reviews》2008,136(1-4):529-547
The STEREO/WAVES experiment is designed to measure the electric component of radio emission from interplanetary radio bursts and in situ plasma waves and fluctuations in the solar wind. Interplanetary radio bursts are generated from electron beams at interplanetary shocks and solar flares and are observed from near the Sun to 1 AU, corresponding to frequencies of approximately 16 MHz to 10 kHz. In situ plasma waves occur in a range of wavelengths larger than the Debye length in the solar wind plasma λ D ≈10 m and appear Doppler-shifted into the frequency regime down to a fraction of a Hertz. These phenomena are measured by STEREO/WAVES with a set of three orthogonal electric monopole antennas. This paper describes the electrical and mechanical design of the antenna system and discusses efforts to model the antenna pattern and response and methods for in-flight calibration. 相似文献
82.
83.
With the help of a very simple two zone model, we demonstrate the possibility of periodic thermal relaxation (limit cycle) oscillations in the helium burning envelope of accreting neutron stars. Physically reasonable model parameters can be chosen which yield agreement with the observed features of x-ray bursts and we suggest that this limit cycle is operative in neutron stars which have an accretion rate in a specific range. For hydrogen burning a similar cycle is possible, but it operates at such high temperatures that an unrealistically large accretion rate would be required. 相似文献
84.
Two attractive real-time implementation tests are presented that discriminate between correlated and uncorrelated clutter. A clutter model is assumed in which the envelope distribution within a cell is Rayleigh, but the mean clutter level fluctuates from cell to cell. Both the tests utilize observations made in pairs on two clutter envelopes corresponding to two consecutive azimuth sweeps. The results are applicable to real-time testing of the effectiveness of various decorrelation techniques employed by radar systems. 相似文献
85.
Olivier Mousis Eric Chassefière Jérémie Lasue Vincent Chevrier Megan E. Elwood Madden Azzedine Lakhlifi Jonathan I. Lunine Franck Montmessin Sylvain Picaud Frédéric Schmidt Timothy D. Swindle 《Space Science Reviews》2013,174(1-4):213-250
Thermodynamic conditions suggest that clathrates might exist on Mars. Despite observations which show that the dominant condensed phases on the surface of Mars are solid carbon dioxide and water ice, clathrates have been repeatedly proposed to play an important role in the distribution and total inventory of the planet’s volatiles. Here we review the potential consequences of the presence of clathrates on Mars. We investigate how clathrates could be a potential source for the claimed existence of atmospheric methane. In this context, plausible clathrate formation processes, either in the close subsurface or at the base of the cryosphere, are reviewed. Mechanisms that would allow for methane release into the atmosphere from an existing clathrate layer are addressed as well. We also discuss the proposed relationship between clathrate formation/dissociation cycles and how potential seasonal variations influence the atmospheric abundances of argon, krypton and xenon. Moreover, we examine several Martian geomorphologic features that could have been generated by the dissociation of extended subsurface clathrate layers. Finally we investigate the future in situ measurements, as well as the theoretical and experimental improvements that will be needed to better understand the influence of clathrates on the evolution of Mars and its atmosphere. 相似文献
86.
L. J. Lanzerotti K. Rinnert G. Dehmel F. O. Gliem E. P. Krider M. A. Uman G. Umlauft J. Bach 《Space Science Reviews》1992,60(1-4):91-109
The Lightning and Radio Emission Detector (LRD) instrument will be carried by the Galileo Probe into Jupiter's atmosphere. The LRD will verify the existence of lightning in the atmosphere and will determine the details of many of its basic characteristics. The instrument, operated in its magnetospheric mode at distances of about 5, 4, 3, and 2 planetary radii from Jupiter's center, will also measure the radio frequency (RF) noise spectrum in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The LRD instrument is composed of a ferritecore radio frequency antenna ( 100 Hz to 100 kHz) and two photodiodes mounted behind individual fisheye lenses. The output of the RF antenna is analyzed both separately and in coincidence with the optical signals from the photodiodes. The RF antenna provides data both in the frequency domain (with three narrow-band channels, primarily for deducing the physical properties of distant lightning) and in the time domain with a priority scheme (primarily for determining from individual RF waveforms the physical properties of closeby-lightning). 相似文献
87.
J. L. Phillips S. J. Bame S. P. Gary J. T. Gosling E. E. Scime R. J. Forsyth 《Space Science Reviews》1995,72(1-2):109-112
Ulysses plasma measurement from 1.15 to 5.31 AU and from S6.4° to S48.3° solar latitude are used to assess the trends in the solar wind thermal electron temperature and anisotropy. Improved spacecraft potential corrections and data products have been incorporated. The radial temperature gradient is steeper than in previous determinations, but flatter than adiabatic. When normalized to 1 AU, temperature decrease with increasing latitude. Little change in the average thermal anisotropy has been seen during the mission. 相似文献
88.
M. Pick A. Buttighoffer A. Kerdraon T. P. Armstrong E. C. Roelof S. Hoang L. J. Lanzerotti G. M. Simnett J. Lemen 《Space Science Reviews》1995,72(1-2):315-320
A remarkable streaming beam-like particle event of 60 keV-5 MeV ions and of 38–315 keV electrons has been reported previously. This event has been associated with the passage of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) over the Ulysses spacecraft on June 9–13, 1993. At this time, the spacecraft was located at 4.6 AU from the sun and at an heliolatitude of 32° south. It was proposed (Armstrong et al., 1994) that the particle injection source could have been of coronal origin. In this study, we analyse the solar activity during this period. We identify a region of solar radio noise storms in the corona and in particular, a flare on June 7 that presents all the required characteristics to produce the hot plasma beam observed in the interplanetary medium. 相似文献
89.
J. T. Gosling S. J. Bame D. J. McComas J. L. Phillips V. J. Pizzo B. E. Goldstein M. Neugebauer 《Space Science Reviews》1995,72(1-2):99-104
Ulysses plasma observations reveal that the forward shocks that commonly bound the leading edges of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) beyond 2 AU from the Sun at low heliographic latitudes nearly disappeared at a latitude of S26°. On the other hand, the reverse shocks that commonly bound the trailing edges of the CIRs were observed regularly up to S41.5°, but became weaker with increasing latitude. Only three CIR shocks have been observed poleward of S41.5°; all of these were weak reverse shocks. The above effects are a result of the forward waves propagating to lower heliographic latitudes and the reverse waves to higher latitudes with increasing heliocentric distance. These observational results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of a global model of solar wind flows that originate in a simple tilted-dipole geometry back at the Sun. 相似文献
90.
SWE,a comprehensive plasma instrument for the WIND spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K. W. Ogilvie D. J. Chornay R. J. Fritzenreiter F. Hunsaker J. Keller J. Lobell G. Miller J. D. Scudder E. C. Sittler Jr. R. B. Torbert D. Bodet G. Needell A. J. Lazarus J. T. Steinberg J. H. Tappan A. Mavretic E. Gergin 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):55-77
The Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) on the WIND spacecraft is a comprehensive, integrated set of sensors which is designed to investigate outstanding problems in solar wind physics. It consists of two Faraday cup (FC) sensors; a vector electron and ion spectrometer (VEIS); a strahl sensor, which is especially configured to study the electron strahl close to the magnetic field direction; and an on-board calibration system. The energy/charge range of the Faraday cups is 150 V to 8 kV, and that of the VEIS is 7 V to 24.8 kV. The time resolution depends on the operational mode used, but can be of the order of a few seconds for 3-D measurements. Key parameters which broadly characterize the solar wind positive ion velocity distribution function will be made available rapidly from the GGS Central Data Handling Facility. 相似文献