The feasibility of Doppler monitoring during EVA

During extravehicular activities (EVA) outside the spacecraft, astronauts have to work under reduced pressure in a space suit. This pressure reduction induces the risk of decompression sickness (DCS) by the formation of gas bubbles from excess nitrogen dissolved in the organism by breathing air at normal pressure. Under laboratory conditions the gas bubbles moving in the blood stream can be detected by the non-invasive ultrasonic Doppler method. By early detection of excessive bubble formation the development of DCS symptoms may be prevented by early application of preventative measures. The method could also be useful when applied in the space suit in order to compare the results of laboratory tests with operational results, because there is a discrepancy according to the DCS risk of laboratory experiments and actual EVA missions, where no symptoms have been reported yet. A prototype Doppler sensor has been developed and implemented in the Russian Orlan suit. To investigate the feasibility of this method under simulated space conditions, the equipment has been used in a series of 12 thermovacuum chamber tests with suited subjects, where intravenous bubble formation was compared to unsuited control experiments. In more than 50% of the suited tests good Doppler recordings could be achieved. In some cases with unsatisfying results the signal could be improved by breathholding. Although the results do not yet allow any conclusion about a possible difference between suited and unsuited subjects due to the small number of tests performed, the method proved its feasibility for use in EVA suits and should be further developed to enhance the safety of EVA procedures.     

The astrobiology primer: an outline of general knowledge--version 1, 2006

The Astrobiology Primer has been created as a reference tool for those who are interested in the interdisciplinary field of astrobiology. The field incorporates many diverse research endeavors, but it is our hope that this slim volume will present the reader with all he or she needs to know to become involved and to understand, at least at a fundamental level, the state of the art. Each section includes a brief overview of a topic and a short list of readable and important literature for those interested in deeper knowledge. Because of the great diversity of material, each section was written by a different author with a different expertise. Contributors, authors, and editors are listed at the beginning, along with a list of those chapters and sections for which they were responsible. We are deeply indebted to the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), in particular to Estelle Dodson, David Morrison, Ed Goolish, Krisstina Wilmoth, and Rose Grymes for their continued enthusiasm and support. The Primer came about in large part because of NAI support for graduate student research, collaboration, and inclusion as well as direct funding. We have entitled the Primer version 1 in hope that it will be only the first in a series, whose future volumes will be produced every 3-5 years. This way we can insure that the Primer keeps up with the current state of research. We hope that it will be a great resource for anyone trying to stay abreast of an ever-changing field.     

Body orientation and center of mass control in microgravity

The control of the body orientation and the center of mass position with respect to the feet was investigated under normo- and microgravity (space flight Altair), during erect posture and at the end of a forward or backward upper trunk movement.

It was observed that during erect posture, the trunk orientation with respect to the vertical was inclined some 6 ° forward in both subjects under microgravity, whereas it was vertical or slightly backward oriented under normogravity. Under microgravity, on the contrary, the initial position CM changed either backwards or forwards. This result suggests that the inclined trunk posture might be due to misevaluating the vertically under microgravity and that different control mechanisms are involved in orienting the trunk and placing the CM.

It was also noted that the final position of the CM at the end of the movement did not differ markedly between microgravity and normogravity. This result suggests that the kinematic synergies which stabilize the CM during uppertrunk movements may result from an automatic central control which is independent from the gravity constraints.     

2000年及其以后的GPS

一、引言 GPS是一个军用导航定位系统,象所有无线电导航系统一样,也可供民间各部门使用。该系统刚完成了从研制阶段到实用阶段的过渡。为了预测2000年后GPS将会如何,必须首先确定90年代进入全面工作状态,经成熟之后该系统是什么样?该系统建成投入工作之后,会有一些外界因素要求它作某些改变。下面我们主要从GPS的民用角度来研究一下这些可能的改变。影响GPS改变的外界因素至少来4个方面:GPS的军方要求、钱、技术进展和用户要求。这些外界因素可能引起GPS的民用计划和政策发生变化。这些外界因素和/或新政策、新计划将会影响GPS的硬件和软件。除了系统和政策的改变,若干GPS新的应用将会出现,GPS在各种运载体上的安装和组合也会出现新的方法。     

采用二极管检波器的双六端口网络分析仪

介绍了一种采用二极管检波器的双六端口网络分析仪的性能,这种网络分析仪在2—18GHz频带内采用商品低势垒肖特基二极管。本文描述了校准偏离平方律特性的二极管的方法。给出的测量结果,揭示了六端口网络分析仪测量单端口和二端口器件的准确度和精密度。     

爆轰波-激波迎面作用后的稳定波系

本文为对当量比乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波正面对撞产生稳定波系的实验和理论研究.实验主要以高速扫描摄影获取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,一维理论分析则基于三种热完全的组分求解两波对撞的稳定解并探寻它们的规律.实验发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波,以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这种波系情况与一维理论分析中CJ解一致.透射CJ爆轰与人射爆轰相比马赫数降低,而相对波前来流的传播速度有轻微提高,但在实验室坐标下其速度显著降低.透射波系受初始压强影响不大;初始温度提高使得爆轰波速度降低,而透射激波速度增加;对波系起实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波时稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则疏波区趋于扩大.     

SATRACK-Ⅰ和SATRACK-Ⅱ导弹跟踪系统的工作经验与设计指标

SATRACK-I是为美国海军战略系统计划局研制的,用来跟踪试飞的“三叉戟-I”型导弹。该系统利用GPS的L_1频率信号、弹载变频转发器、地基接收/记录站以及一套专用的事后处理设备(该设备设在约翰·霍普金斯大学的应用物理实验室),用以对导弹初始状态、弹道及制导系统误差作最优估计。该系统从1978年沿用至今,进行了50多发试飞导弹的性能估计。本文评价了SATRACK-I系统的性能,其设计精度指标为12.2米和0.015米/秒(1σ/每轴)。由于SATRACK-I的卫星—导弹间是单频线路,所以要用电子密度数学模型来修正电离层的距离及多卜勒误差。本文讨论了所用模型的特点及其性能。目前正在设计的SATRACK-Ⅱ系统将用来跟踪和鉴定“三叉戟-Ⅱ”型试飞导弹。该系统的精度指标为6.1米和0.03米/秒(1σ/每轴)。为达到这些指标,必须使用双频卫星一导弹间线路,并作其它一些系统改进。已选定GPS的L_3频率信号作为第二个频率,这一选择的原因以及其它系统改进将在下面介绍。     

宇宙大爆炸之前……

布莱恩·克雷格说,在他还是一个小男孩的时候,在电视中看到人类第一次登陆月球,当时就禁不住心生好奇：“这一切部是如何开始的？”在他的著作《宇宙大爆炸之前》中,这位英国科普作家探讨了物理学家和哲学家提出的各种旨在解释“我们是如何走到今天这一步的？”     

射电干涉测量的动基应用

本文研究了与移动接收机有关的射电干涉测量误差源。结合已发表的数据,经独立研究给出了接收机噪声、时钟抖动、定时漂移、多路径误差、电离层和对流层折射效应引起的各种误差的均方根值。动基射电干涉测量系统仿真中,加进了有显著影响的统计误差模型,以评价接收机运动状态的测量精度。假设这个系统由两台配有原子钟的双频接收机组成。在记录的GPS信号相位的事后处理中,应用多普勒频移检测技术和互相关算法来确定基线距离和飞行器的运动参数。初步分析结果表明:动基射电干涉测量将提供与目前惯导技术同等的导航精度,甚至更高。