土星V号隔板式发火管的研制

火星V号运载火箭利用只应用次级炸药(secondary expIosives)的爆炸桥丝设计原理,以达到对电磁辐辐射和其它杂散能源的最大安全性。然而:L星V号上有相当数量的元件需要引爆,直接用爆炸桥丝(EBW)装置引爆所有这些元件将会引起点火装置重量严重增加的不良后果。因此,采用了CDF(侧限导爆索)和军用导管作为FBW发火管和发火元件     

可延伸喷管出口锥的缩比级间分离加载试验

级间分离试验的目的是改善关于在收叠位置的可延伸喷管出口锥(以下简称“ENEC”)在级分离期间的受载情况予测。缩比的固体火箭试验发动机系统带有收叠的 ENEC 和模拟级间分离的试验设备。海平面实验数据由发动机的短时间静态点火中获得。试验测到的点火瞬变状态和初始条件被输入到计算机编码,以模拟级间分离影响,用于与试验数据进行比较。结果表明,级间段平均压力、发动机推力,以及两级的相对轴向位移相当接近。测量的级间压力峰值高于计算值10%,作用在 ENEC 内外表面上的最大平均压力差是5磅/英寸~2。在缩比的级间分离环境中,通过 ENEC 载荷和级间压力的明显波动,指出了与气体流动现象有关 ENCE重要的动态加载条件。     

Cell morphological, ontogenic, and genetic reactions to 0-g simulation and hyper-g

Organisms use gravity for spatial orientation, and differentiation into species during evolution follows geological processes which are caused by gravity. On the other hand, the task of most organismic functions which have or may have a relation to gravity is to compensate gravity. Furthermore, today it is very obvious that organisms do not disintegrate under the conditions of weightlessness, at least for the currently tested durations. These previous statements indicate a large field of still unknown regulation and adaptation mechanisms. Experiments to simulate weightlessness on the fast clinostat and with hyper-g show a highly developed ability of the genetic chain and of differentiating cells in being autonomous against mechanical stresses caused by outer accelerations. Nevertheless, different strong and slight changes of different tested end points were found. The question remains if the cells react actively or only passively.     

火箭发动机的爆破压力预估

本文用弹性——塑性和简单的不稳定性理论预估火箭发动机壳体的爆破压力。而材料的特性经验地用修正的Ramberg-Osgood的公式表示。当发动机壳体达到塑性不稳定时,就发生爆破。对发动机壳体的静态和动态两种情况进行了分析。在静态情况下,推出了爆破压力方程的显式。对于飞行状态,爆破压力是不显示地从一个超越方程的根而得出。分析计算基于如下假设:在发动机壳体最薄的断面产生破裂,如在平行的部位或圆盖形的端部。这个理论得到了验证,与试验结果极为吻合。对于特定的发动机壳体而言,预估的爆破压力的误差在3％之内。在专用设备上静态模拟飞行条件。     

缩比固体火箭发动机试车中出现的内弹道畸变

在全尺寸和缩比固体火箭发动机试车中,出现被认为是由燃速变化而引起的内弹道曲线中部畸变。预测的和实际的压力——时间曲线、推力——时间曲线之间的差别,既不能预测,又没有完全了解。但是,用手工方法和自动化方法已描述了这种中部畸变特征。在以过氯酸铵为氧化剂的烃类推进剂中观察到上述现象。为改善工艺性能而降低了粘度的这类推进剂可使这种畸变扩大。为了找出这种畸变的可能来源,分析了缩比试验发动机试车的压力—时间曲线、推力——时间曲线和推力压力比与时间的关系曲线。对发动机尺寸、工作条件和推进剂配方进行了研究,以确定发生畸变的可能原因和验证畸变的可能机理。     

用变量分析法对固体火箭发功机作可靠性评定

本文介绍 Thiokol 化学公司 Wasatch 分公司在评定大型全尺寸固体发动机可靠性中,使用变量分析方法的一些新经验。可靠性评定是依据发动机各分系统设计鉴定试验和一次全尺寸发动机静止试车中得到的变量数据来进行的。本文介绍了各变量参数的确定、数据收集、变量分析和将若干分系统的变量数据综合得到系统可靠性评定值的全过程。     

航天飞机固体火箭发动机内的熔渣沉积模拟

固体火箭发动机含铝推进剂燃烧时,在其表面生成铝/三氧化二铝液滴。液滴一旦离开表面与其它液滴碰撞,就会形成大的聚结物(agglomerates)。大部分液滴或聚结物不能随燃气流排出喷管之外,可能沉积(deposite)在发动机的内表面。本研究通过流动模拟来了解航天飞机固体火箭发动机(SRM)内熔渣物的沉积过程和伴随而来的积聚(accumulation)、堆积(pooling)过程,从而提出一种分析方法,以预测与沉积和堆积过程有关的某些未知数。通过对发动机地面卧式试车后发动机内的凝固熔渣进行观察,定性地证实了用这一方法进行分析所得出的结果。本文用这些结果来解释 QM—2发动机(鉴定发动机)内的熔渣,同时也预测飞行过载对熔渣形成的影响。虽然这一方法是为 SRM 提出的,但也适用于任何结构的固体火箭发动机。     

喷管进口和喉道几何形状对固体火箭发动机比冲的影响

本文介绍在火箭喷管进口和喉道区域计算完全耦合的燃气——粒子混合物流场的计算机化模型。定常态的燃气流场是作为长时间渐近解计算的,而粒子流场是假定准定常流来计算。对于超音速燃气粒子流场,这一模型则与特征线法结合进行计算。计算表明喷管进口角度、喷管喉道曲率半径比、喉道尺寸以及粒子大小对比冲的影响。文中也介绍了一些发动机试验数据的比较。     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Influence of the gravitational vertical on geometric visual illusions

The occurrence of geometric orientation illusions and the perception of ambiguous figures were analyzed in 24 subjects during static body tilt relative to gravity on Earth. Results showed that illusions such as the Rock's diamond/square, the Ponzo illusion, and orientation contrast illusions occurred less frequently, and that depth reversal of ambiguous figures took more time when subjects were lying on their side or supine compared to upright, thus suggesting that the gravitational reference plays a significant role in these “visual” illusions. The structure of images, our representation of the environment, and orientation relative to gravity are all integral parts in interpreting visual images. In a weightless environment where no gravitational reference can be used, it is expected that similar alterations in visual perception will occur.