全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5415篇 |
免费 | 9篇 |
国内免费 | 18篇 |
专业分类
航空 | 2836篇 |
航天技术 | 1920篇 |
综合类 | 23篇 |
航天 | 663篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 30篇 |
2019年 | 32篇 |
2018年 | 57篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2014年 | 82篇 |
2013年 | 132篇 |
2012年 | 107篇 |
2011年 | 155篇 |
2010年 | 114篇 |
2009年 | 177篇 |
2008年 | 245篇 |
2007年 | 136篇 |
2006年 | 140篇 |
2005年 | 143篇 |
2004年 | 114篇 |
2003年 | 170篇 |
2002年 | 101篇 |
2001年 | 176篇 |
2000年 | 109篇 |
1999年 | 140篇 |
1998年 | 164篇 |
1997年 | 123篇 |
1996年 | 169篇 |
1995年 | 215篇 |
1994年 | 182篇 |
1993年 | 120篇 |
1992年 | 127篇 |
1991年 | 76篇 |
1990年 | 62篇 |
1989年 | 138篇 |
1988年 | 62篇 |
1987年 | 66篇 |
1986年 | 60篇 |
1985年 | 195篇 |
1984年 | 150篇 |
1983年 | 130篇 |
1982年 | 133篇 |
1981年 | 176篇 |
1980年 | 58篇 |
1979年 | 41篇 |
1978年 | 50篇 |
1977年 | 53篇 |
1976年 | 38篇 |
1975年 | 58篇 |
1974年 | 38篇 |
1973年 | 42篇 |
1972年 | 51篇 |
1971年 | 42篇 |
1970年 | 44篇 |
1969年 | 37篇 |
排序方式: 共有5442条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
701.
J.L. Hall D. Fairbrother T. Frederickson V.V. Kerzhanovich M. Said C. Sandy J. Ware C. Willey A.H. Yavrouian 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
This paper describes the design, fabrication and testing of a full scale prototype balloon intended for long duration flight in the upper atmosphere of Venus. The balloon is 5.5 m in diameter and is designed to carry a 45 kg payload at an altitude of 55 km. The balloon material is a 180 g/m2 multi-component laminate comprised of the following layers bonded together from outside to inside: aluminized Teflon film, aluminized Mylar film, Vectran fabric and a polyurethane coating. This construction provides the required balloon functional characteristics of low gas permeability, sulfuric acid resistance and high strength for superpressure operation. The design burst superpressure is 39,200 Pa which is predicted to be 3.3 times the worst case value expected during flight at the highest solar irradiance in the mission profile. The prototype is constructed from 16 gores with bi-taped seams employing a sulfuric acid resistant adhesive on the outside. Material coupon tests were performed to evaluate the optical and mechanical characteristics of the laminate. These were followed by full prototype tests for inflation, leakage and sulfuric acid tolerance. The results confirmed the suitability of this balloon design for use at Venus in a long duration mission. The various data are presented and the implications for mission design and operation are discussed. 相似文献
702.
C.T. Russell T.L. Zhang R.J. Strangeway H.Y. Wei M. Delva W. Magnes 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(1):113-117
The magnetometer on Venus Express was designed to be able to obtain 128 Hz samples of the magnetic field from two sensors in a gradiometer configuration. This mode is used around periapsis to determine whether the signals reported at low altitudes near 100 Hz, had the properties of electromagnetic waves generated by electric discharges in the Venus atmosphere. The lack of a magnetic cleanliness program and the shortness of the magnetometer boom make this a challenging measurement. Fortunately the signals are sufficiently strong that they can be easily resolved with rather straightforward analysis techniques. 相似文献
703.
K.J. Lee G.J. Qiao H.G. Wang R.X. Xu 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008,41(1):180-182
The electric properties of pulsar’s inner annular gap are explored in this paper. Under two main assumptions, (1) the pulsar is alive, (2) the total charge of pulsar should not vary with time, the condition for the acceleration of negative particle in the annular region is derived. The acceleration condition is j− ? 0.5j+, i.e., the current carried by negative particles is greater than or equal to 0.5 times of the current carried by positive particles. This condition holds even when the backward flow of positive particles exists in the annular region. It is noted that the outflow of negative particles offers good opportunities to understand the current closure problem of pulsar as well as wide radiation beam of pulsar observed at high energy band. 相似文献
704.
Hydrogenated amorphous Si (a-Si:H) devices first made a significant impact in photovoltaic application, 70% of the photovoltaic solar cells produced in Japan in 1984 were a-Si:H. More recently, thin film transistor (TFT) and sensor devices have been developed for consumer and business products. The ability to produce large area uniform films of a-Si:H makes the application of TFTs and sensors well suited for input and output imaging devices such as image scanners, display and printers. This paper reviews the operation, material issues and physics of a-Si:H TFTs and sensors. The circuit and technology issues in large area systems incorporating these devices are described. 相似文献
705.
R J Wassersug M Yamashita 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2000,25(10):2007-2013
Because of their rapid development, amphibians have been important model organisms in studies of how microgravity affects vertebrate growth and differentiation. Both urodele (salamanders) and anuran (frogs and toads) embryos have been raised in orbital flight, the latter several times. The most commonly reported and striking effects of microgravity on tadpoles are not in the vestibular system, as one might suppose, but in their lungs and tails. Pathological changes in these organs disrupt behavior and retard larval growth. What causes malformed (typically lordotic) tadpoles in microgravity is not known, nor have axial pathologies been reported in every flight experiment. Lung pathology, however, has been consistently observed and is understood to result from the failure of the animals to inflate their lungs in a timely and adequate fashion. We suggest that malformities in the axial skeleton of tadpoles raised in microgravity are secondary to problems in respiratory function. We have used high speed videography to investigate how tadpoles breathe air in the 1G environment. The video images reveal alternative species-specific mechanisms, that allow tadpoles to separate air from water in less that 150 ms. We observed nothing in the biomechanics of air-breathing in 1G that would preclude these same mechanisms from working in microgravity. Thus our kinematic results suggest that the failure of tadpoles to inflate their lungs properly in microgravity is due to the tadpoles' inability to locate the air-water interface and not a problem with the inhalation mechanism per se. 相似文献
706.
The 21st Century Aviation System can reduce the cost of flying, while substantially increasing the safety and security of cargo and carrier aircraft with an onboard pilot/s and a remote copilot residing in a secure ground-based simulator. 相似文献
707.
Magnetic effects are ubiquitous and known to be crucial in space physics and astrophysical media. We have now the opportunity to probe these effects in the outer heliosphere with the two spacecraft Voyager 1 and 2. Voyager 1 crossed, in December 2004, the termination shock and is now in the heliosheath. On August 30, 2007 Voyager 2 crossed the termination shock, providing us for the first time in-situ measurements of the subsonic solar wind in the heliosheath. With the recent in-situ data from Voyager 1 and 2 the numerical models are forced to confront their models with observational data. Our recent results indicate that magnetic effects, in particular the interstellar magnetic field, are very important in the interaction between the solar system and the interstellar medium. We summarize here our recent work that shows that the interstellar magnetic field affects the symmetry of the heliosphere that can be detected by different measurements. We combined radio emission and energetic particle streaming measurements from Voyager 1 and 2 with extensive state-of-the art 3D MHD modeling, to constrain the direction of the local interstellar magnetic field. The orientation derived is a plane ~60°–90° from the galactic plane. This indicates that the field orientation differs from that of a larger scale interstellar magnetic field, thought to parallel the galactic plane. Although it may take 7–12 years for Voyager 2 to leave the heliosheath and enter the pristine interstellar medium, the subsonic flows are immediately sensitive to the shape of the heliopause. The flows measured by Voyager 2 in the heliosheath indicate that the heliopause is being distorted by local interstellar magnetic field with the same orientation as derived previously. As a result of the interstellar magnetic field the solar system is asymmetric being pushed in the southern direction. The presence of hydrogen atoms tend to symmetrize the solutions. We show that with a strong interstellar magnetic field with our most current model that includes hydrogen atoms, the asymmetries are recovered. It remains a challenge for future works with a more complete model, to explain all the observed asymmetries by V1 and V2. We comment on these results and implications of other factors not included in our present model. 相似文献
708.
T.K Hei C.Q Piao L.J Wu J.C Willey E.J Hall 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1998,22(12):1699-1707
Carcinogenesis is postulated to be a progressive multistage process characterized by an increase in genomic instability and clonal selection with each mutational event endowing a selective growth advantage. Genomic instability as manifested by the amplification of specific gene fragments is common among tumor and transformed cells. In the present study, immortalized human bronchial (BEP2D) cells were irradiated with graded doses of either 1GeV/nucleon 56Fe ions or 150 keV/μm alpha particles. Transformed cells developed through a series of successive steps before becoming tumorigenic in nude mice. Tumorigenic cells showed neither ras mutations nor deletion in the p16 tumor suppressor gene. In contrast, they harbored mutations in the p53 gene and over-expressed cyclin D1. Genomic instability among transformed cells at various stage of the carcinogenic process was examined based on frequencies of PALA resistance. Incidence of genomic instability was highest among established tumor cell lines relative to transformed, non-tumorigenic and control cell lines. Treatment of BEP2D cells with a 4 mM dose of the aminothiol WR-1065 significantly reduced their neoplastic transforming response to 56Fe particles. This model provides an opportunity to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in malignant transformation of human epithelial cells by heavy ions. 相似文献
709.
J S Ferraro C A Fuller F M Sulzman 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(11):251-260
The circadian rhythm of conidiation in Neurospora crassa is thought to be an endogenously derived circadian oscillation; however, several investigators have suggested that circadian rhythms may, instead, be driven by some geophysical time cue(s). An experiment was conducted on space shuttle flight STS-9 in order to test this hypothesis; during the first 7-8 cycles in space, there were several minor alterations observed in the conidiation rhythm, including an increase in the period of the oscillation, an increase in the variability of the growth rate and a diminished rhythm amplitude, which eventually damped out in 25% of the flight tubes. On day seven of flight, the tubes were exposed to light while their growth fronts were marked. Some aspect of the marking process reinstated a robust rhythm in all the tubes which continued throughout the remainder of the flight. These results from the last 86 hours of flight demonstrated that the rhythm can persist in space. Since the aberrant rhythmicity occurred prior to the marking procedure, but not after, it was hypothesized that the damping on STS-9 may have resulted from the hypergravity pulse of launch. To test this hypothesis, we conducted investigations into the effects of altered gravitational forces on conidiation. Exposure to hypergravity (via centrifugation), simulated microgravity (via the use of a clinostat) and altered orientations (via alterations in the vector of a 1 g force) were used to examine the effects of gravity upon the circadian rhythm of conidiation. 相似文献
710.
J M Klingler R L Mancinelli M R White 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1989,9(6):173-176
Early Earth and early Mars were similar enough such that past geochemical and climatic conditions on Mars may have also been favorable for the origin of life. However, one of the most striking differences between the two planets was the low partial pressure of dinitrogen (pN2) on early Mars (18 mb). On Earth, nitrogen is a key biological element and in many ecosystems the low availability of fixed nitrogen compounds is the main factor limiting growth. Biological fixation of dinitrogen on Earth is a crucial source of fixed nitrogen. Could the low availability of dinitrogen in the primordial Martian atmosphere have prevented the existence, or evolution of Martian microbiota? Azotobacter vinelandii and Azomonas agilis were grown in nitrogen free synthetic medium under various partial pressures of dinitrogen ranging from 780-0 mb (total atmosphere=1 bar). Below 400 mb the biomass, cell number, and growth rate decreased with decreasing pN2. Both microorganisms were capable of growth at a pN2 as low as 5 mb, but no growth was observed at a pN2 < or = 1 mb. The data appear to indicate that biological nitrogen fixation could have occurred on primordial Mars (pN2=18 mb) making it possible for a biotic system to have played a role in the Martian nitrogen cycle. It is possible that nitrogen may have played a key role in the early evolution of life on Mars, and that later a lack of available nitrogen on that planet (currently, pN2=0.2 mb) may have been involved in its subsequent extinction. 相似文献