“兰花”(Orchidee)——制定中的战场监视系统研究计划

“兰花”是一种战场监视系统,法国陆军准备在九十年代使用它。 在制定该项研究计划时,采用了用于该系统空中部分的飞行验证飞机和地面部分的数字仿真技术。 本文叙述利用了这些设施后所进行的一些主要试验项目,以及得到的主要试验结果。     

超导腔稳频红宝石激射器振荡器

本文介绍一种新型全致冷频率源——超导腔稳频激射器振荡器(SCSMD)的稳定度分析、性能及设计。文中还将介绍该振荡器的各个部件的实验研究结果。它将充分证明采用这一技术方案有可能使频率稳定度达到优于△f/f=10~(-17)的水平。以前设计超导腔稳频振荡器,采用低温下的铌腔与室温下的微波电子器件相结合的方案。但据报道这种方案所能达到的最佳频率稳定度仅为△f/f=3×10~(-16)。这主要是因电子系统与腔体互连的部分不稳定影响了长期性能。但全致冷的方案却不存在这一问题,因为热膨胀系数被冻结(freezing-out)以及完全没有热梯度。红宝石激射器在目前所有微波放大器中噪声温度最低(1.5k),看来它是用于全致冷振荡器的较理想的器件。它的有效输出功率(～10~(-7)W/cm~3在4.2k)足以用来进行时间长于一秒的测量。另外,它具有相当高的增益(Q_m=-100)使得仅需振荡器与稳定腔之间保持很弱的耦合即可。此外,它本身的功耗也很小,即使在低至1k时也能与腔体工作在同一温度环境条件下。但激射器的工作和调谐却需外加磁场,这就产生了一个很重要的技术问题,即需要对超导腔加以磁屏蔽,同时磁场的变化还将产生频率的牵引。为此,文中介绍了采用多腔方案来解决这一问题。该方案将红宝石部件与超导腔隔开一段距离。我们还将谈到具有较大频率牵引效应的低Q腔稳定的激射器振荡器的频率稳定度。最后,本文将介绍有关研制结构最坚固的超导腔的结果。兰宝石的热膨胀系数仅为铌的百分之一,其微波损耗在1.5k时,目前已达的最低值为7×10~(-10)。在兰宝石上镀超导体的谐振腔可达(按设计要求值)Q=10~8。     

结构可靠性设计中的判定理论

在宇航结构可靠性分析方法的基础上,本文引入了试验方案选择概念,并根据统计判定理论推出了一套判定法。应用这个方法对给定结构部件可决定最佳成本效应设计的因子和试验方案。最后以土星V和航天机的几个结构组件为例,算出了结果。由此结果可以看出:设计费用与重量对最优判据有显著影响。     

用液体喷射作为固体推进剂火箭的推力方向控制

简介液体二次喷射推力方向控制是用液体喷入喷管的排气锥使火箭的喷气偏转,来实现控制的。最好选择浓而又可反应的液体以便增加超音速排气的质量、能量和在超音速排气中产生的冲波。这种特性使受影响的喷气增加推力,不仅产生了用于控制的侧向力,而且增加了轴向推力。这篇论文介绍了现有液体喷射推力方向控制技术的简况,包括设计的程序、研制、     

Space motion sickness medications: interference with biomedical parameters

The possibility that drugs administered to Skylab 3 (SL-3) and 4 (SL-4) crewmen for space motion sickness may have interfered with their biomedical evaluation in space was investigated. Healthy volunteers received combinations of Scopolamine/Dexedrine for four days in regimens similar to those used in these missions. Urine samples, heart rate, body temperature, mood and performance were analyzed for drug-related changes. Twenty-four hour urine samples were analyzed by the same procedures as those used to analyze the flight samples. Hormone concentrations determined included cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In addition, volume, specific gravity, osmolarity, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), inorganic phosphate, uric acid and creatinine were measured. Performance was not affected by the Scopolamine/Dexedrine. The drug combination increased daily mean heart rate (HR) significantly in all the subjects and daily mean rectal temperature (RT) in some of the subjects. A 2-4 hr phase shift in the HR circadian rhythm was also observed which indicates that internal circadian synchrony was disturbed by the drugs. Psychological and subjective evaluation indicated that the subjects could usually identify which days they were given the drugs by an increase in tension and anxiety, decreased patience, restlessness, decreased appetite, difficulty in sleeping and feelings of increased heart rate and body temperature. Urinary electrolytes were not changed significantly by the drug, but marked and significant changes occurred in urine volume and hormone excretion patterns. Scopolamine/Dexedrine caused consistent elevations in urinary cortisol and epinephrine and a transient elevation in ADH. Norepinephrine excretion was decreased, but there was no significant change in aldosterone excretion or in 24 hr urine volume. A comparison of these findings with the first four days of inflight data from the SL-3 and SL-4 missions leads to the conclusion that the dramatic increases in aldosterone excretion during the first three days of spaceflight probably can be directly attributed to weightlessness, whereas the antimotion sickness medication could have substantially contributed to the early increased excretion of epinephrine and cortisol during these missions.     

卫星激光测距中的大气折射修正

大气折射会使卫星激光测距(SLR)系统产生显著的误差。可用两种方法来修正这些误差。光线轨迹证明了基于地面压力、温度以及相对湿度测量值的大气模型,当仰角大于20°时,可精确到几个厘米以内。此模型中的残差主要是由折射率的水平梯度而产生的。尽管导出了几种模型来预测这种梯度影响,但初步研究表明它们对地形影响很敏感。大气湍流能使折射率产生随机起伏,但在仰角低于10°时仅产生厘米级的误差。双色脉冲系统能直接测量出卫星测距中的大气延迟。该系统需要用锁模多频激光器和基于高速扫描摄影机的接收机,目前可以0.5cm以上的精度测量大气延迟。