固体火箭喷管空气动力设计的一般原理

在一定条件的约束下,扩散和两相流效应对喷管空气动力的设计和喷管效率实质上起着支配的作用。为了减少两相流动的损失,提出了一些一般原理。这些原理应用于所介绍的方法中,以便得到一种新的喷管形状。描述了收敛段,喉部和扩散段的结构,通过多项式的起始膨胀区的截短喷管的方法获得了扩散段的形状。所得到喷管的结构对减轻喷管重量比较有利。     

通过一台发动机点火试验获得推进剂的燃速特性—一种分析方法

本文提出了表征固体推进剂燃速的一种分析方法。它不同于传统的燃速处理方法,用一台发动机点火即可表征推进剂在一定压力范围下的燃速。该方法将修改的弹道试验发动机和一个计算机分析程序包结合起来完成这一任务。本文详细地叙述了所采用的发动机,其药柱通道为锥形,以产生非等面燃烧压力——时间曲线。此外,讨论了计算机分析程序包。这一分析程序包采用一个内弹道模型,用优化方法确定燃速规律。这一分析方法已由一整套理论研究所证实,并提出了这些研究的某些结果。此外,本方法对复合和双基两种推进剂都进行了试验验证。这些试验结果表明,由单个试验发动机点火试验处理的燃速数据和常规方法处理的数据符合较好。本文也给出了这些研究的某些结果。     

Relative efficacy of the proposed Space Shuttle antimotion sickness medications

Space motion sickness has been estimated as affecting between 1/3 and 1/2 of all space flight participants. NASA has at the moment proposed a combination of promethazine and ephedrine (P/E) and one of scopolamine and dextroamphetamine (S/D), both given orally, as well as a transdermally applied scopolamine (TAS), as preventive and ameliorative measures. The reported double-blind study, tests the early phase actions and efficacy of the transdermal scopolamine (Transderm (TM)-V of ALZA Corporation) and compares these in detail to the oral medications. Motion sickness resistance was tested by standardized head movements while accelerating at 0.2 degree/sec2 to a maximum rotation of 240 degrees/sec, with an intermediate plateau of 10 min at 180 degrees/sec. To permit weighting motion sickness protection against other system influences, cardiovascular, psychological (subjective and objective), and visual parameter changes were documented for the three therapeutic modes. The relative impact of the various modalities on operational and experimental components of space missions is discussed. A comparison to intramuscularly administered promethazine (a backup therapeutic mode suggested for Space Shuttle use) is also included.     

推进剂的破坏:一种断裂力学方法

双基(硝化纤维/硝化甘油)推进剂,在裂纹增长开始时的应力强度因子 Kc 的值业已测出。这个 Kc 值随温度下降而增加,随着速率的增大而上升,符合粘弹材料的 WLF 方程(Williams—Landel—Ferry relaction)。Kc 值也和试样的厚度有关。本文讨论了裂纹扩展的微观机理,并在推进剂的断裂特性和它的粘弹性及塑性变形特性之间建立了某些关系。     

分散式多点优化算法及其在多段翼型气动优化中的应用

论述了一种基于基因算法与博弈论的分散式多点优化算法，并应用于多段翼型的气动优化。基因算法是在计算机中模拟自然进化的随机优化算法，随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的优化问题趋向于多目标优化，这就使得结合博弈论以寻求高效优化算法成为必然。本文分别构造了Nash策略及Stackelberg策略与基因算法结合的分散式多点优化算法，应用于多段翼型高升力气动优化，得到了数值结果，并与实验结果进行了对比。     

Sky distribution of artificial sources in the galactic belt of advanced cosmic life

In line with the concept of the galactic belt of advanced life, we evaluate the sky distribution of detectable artificial sources, using a simple astrophysical model. The best region to search is the median band of the Milky Way in the Vulpecula-Cygnus region, together with a narrower one in Carina. Although this work was done in view of a proposal to send a SETI probe at a gravitational focus of the Sun, we recommend these sky regions particularly for the searches of the sky survey type.     

EVA: European plans

The current status of European EVA (extravehicular activity) plans is reviewed. The major difference to already existing EVA scenarios in U.S.A. and Soviet Union consists in the adoption of a higher suit pressure, namely 500 hPa. The results of a study concerned with the physiological consequences of this adoption are presented, including recommendations for protective procedures and their necessary experimental validation. A certain discrepancy between laboratory experimental decompression data and EVA operational results is discussed, leading to the identification of several items which may influence space decompression. Microgravity and the influence of the space suit itself are most likely factors in the explanation of this discrepancy, and both experimental procedures and technological developments are proposed to clarify their role for the future design of EVA procedures.     

用二阶矩两相湍流模型模拟鼓泡床内气泡—液体湍流两相流动

建立了二阶矩气液两相湍流模型，模拟了不同工况下二维矩形断面气液鼓泡床中气泡－液体湍流两相流动，给出了气泡和液体的速度场、气泡体积分数和两相雷诺应力分布，基本工况的模拟结果与美国俄亥俄州立大学PIV测量结果符合较好。文中研究了不同气体表观速度对两相流场的影响。模拟结果显示了鼓泡床内液体的回流流动和气泡的上升运动、各向异性的上湍流，气泡湍流脉动比液体的强，以及气泡体积分数和两相湍流强度随着气体表观速度的增大而增大等规律。     

试验靶场的GPS转发信号跟踪系统方案

本文介绍了基于下述原理的跟踪系统方案,即由试验飞行器转发各GPS卫星信号,而由地面的靶场设备完成信号跟踪和弹道确定。叙述了两种飞行器用的变频转发器,提出了几种修正转发器本振误差的技术,并建议采用IRIG标准遥测设备进行接收、记录和传送转发信号的几种可用技术     

GPS用于MX导弹飞行试验的实时跟踪

霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室最近完成了一项MX导弹(和平卫士)试验飞行的实时GPS跟踪研究。因为飞向夸贾林环礁所需靶场安全提出了严格的精度要求,故分析了各种跟踪方案。本文简述了导弹跟踪的经验之后,介绍了各种系统方案。讨论了各种远站处理方案,接着专门研究了电离层误差修正方法和接收机锁相环路热噪声。最后,叙述了瞬时落点(IIP)时间协方差仿真结果。