降低航天任务测控与操作费用的途径

航天器的测控与操作管理是航天任务的重要组成部分,随着政府对航天任务经费的削减,庞大航天测控网的建设与维护费用,长寿命航天器管理累积性支出,在航天任务总费用中所占比例越来越大,已影响航天事业的正常发展。本文总结归纳了进入９０年代以来,航天测控和运行管理领域发生的种种变化以及今后的可能发展方向。首先分析了这一发展趋势出现的背景,接着从观念变化、测控业务商业化、国际合作、采用先进技术降低测控设备造价、改     

X波段数据就地接收对改善用户服务及降低EO系统成本的重要性

通过一个大型地区性地面站系统很难满足大量潜在ＥＯ（对地观测）用户对廉价、及时获取数据的需求。由于大多数用户只需要当地数据（高仰角的），ＢＵＲＳ公司设计建造了一个廉价Ｘ波段接收机系统，利用不到３米的天线可采集９０°弧段范围内卫星（ＥＲＳ－ＳＡＲ，ＳＰＯＴ和ＪＥＲＳ）发射的信号，其关键性部件是一个４贴片天线接收机系统。该系统锁定到Ｓ波段信标信号上，为闭环反馈跟踪系统产生位置误差信号。该系统锁定到Ｓ波段     

随机逼近的稳健估计

大家知道,参数的稳健估计可以通过递推的Robbins-Monro型随机逼近(SA)算法而获得。对于简单的位置估计问题,为了适当地选择算法的非线性变换和增益常数,导出了一个关于对称分布族(?)(y_p,p)的渐近极小-极大估计。该分布族在区间[-y_p,y_p]以外有相同的分布p,0相似文献   

SATRACK-Ⅰ和SATRACK-Ⅱ导弹跟踪系统的工作经验与设计指标

SATRACK-I是为美国海军战略系统计划局研制的,用来跟踪试飞的“三叉戟-I”型导弹。该系统利用GPS的L_1频率信号、弹载变频转发器、地基接收/记录站以及一套专用的事后处理设备(该设备设在约翰·霍普金斯大学的应用物理实验室),用以对导弹初始状态、弹道及制导系统误差作最优估计。该系统从1978年沿用至今,进行了50多发试飞导弹的性能估计。本文评价了SATRACK-I系统的性能,其设计精度指标为12.2米和0.015米/秒(1σ/每轴)。由于SATRACK-I的卫星—导弹间是单频线路,所以要用电子密度数学模型来修正电离层的距离及多卜勒误差。本文讨论了所用模型的特点及其性能。目前正在设计的SATRACK-Ⅱ系统将用来跟踪和鉴定“三叉戟-Ⅱ”型试飞导弹。该系统的精度指标为6.1米和0.03米/秒(1σ/每轴)。为达到这些指标,必须使用双频卫星一导弹间线路,并作其它一些系统改进。已选定GPS的L_3频率信号作为第二个频率,这一选择的原因以及其它系统改进将在下面介绍。     

射电干涉测量的动基应用

本文研究了与移动接收机有关的射电干涉测量误差源。结合已发表的数据,经独立研究给出了接收机噪声、时钟抖动、定时漂移、多路径误差、电离层和对流层折射效应引起的各种误差的均方根值。动基射电干涉测量系统仿真中,加进了有显著影响的统计误差模型,以评价接收机运动状态的测量精度。假设这个系统由两台配有原子钟的双频接收机组成。在记录的GPS信号相位的事后处理中,应用多普勒频移检测技术和互相关算法来确定基线距离和飞行器的运动参数。初步分析结果表明:动基射电干涉测量将提供与目前惯导技术同等的导航精度,甚至更高。     

航天飞机通信线路射频覆盖分析和性能评价

本文介绍了NASA约翰逊航天中心目前对航天飞机计划中的通信和跟踪无线电线路所作的射频覆盖分析和性能评价工作。综合应用轨道、天线数据、地面站和航天飞机硬件特性以及射频线路数学模型,预测航天飞机的三个基本飞行段的射频线路性能——上升段、在轨段和返回段。结果表明早期设计有许多不足,需要重新配置地面站。目前,性能已能满足要求。     

氯丁橡胶的动态力学性能

汽车发动机前支架的功能橡胶另件需要满足与防震和消音有关的一系列物理和动态力学性能。就小型发动机而言,因为在宽频率范围内必须防震,可选择高阻尼橡胶。然而,在非常慢的速度下,高阻尼橡胶的传递性随频率降低而降低,并且某些高阻尼橡胶抗蠕变性较差。本报告(?)述新的配方工艺;用配比为87.5/12.5%的氯丁胶和丁腈胶并用胶来获得满足汽车发动机前支架所需的物理、动态力学和蠕变性能的典型技术要求。用 Rheovibron 法在广泛的温度、频率和应变范围下测量了这种共混的动态力学性能,且与其它弹性体如乙稀/丙稀酸类共混胶进行了比较。     

Modelling internal air systems ingas turbine engines

Rotating-disc systems can be used to model,experimentally and computationally,the flow and heat transfer that occur inside the internal cooling-air systems of gas turbine engines.These rotating-disc systems have been used successfully to simplify and understand some of the complex flows that occur in internal-air systems,and designers have used this insight to improve the cooling effectiveness,thereby increasing the engine efficiency and reducing the emissions.In this review paper,three important cases are considered:hot-gas ingress;the pre-swirl system;and buoyancy-induced flow.Ingress,or ingestion,occurs when hot gas from the mainstream gas path is ingested into the wheel-space between the turbine disc and its adjacent casing.Rim seals are fitted at the periphery of the system,and sealing flow is used to reduce or prevent ingress.However,too much sealing air reduces the engine efficiency,and too little can cause serious overheating,resulting in damage to the turbine rim and blade roots.Although the flow is three-dimensional and unsteady,there are encouraging signs that simple ‘orifice models’ could be used to estimate the amount of ingress into the wheel-space.In a pre-swirl system,the cooling air for the gas-turbine blades is swirled by stationary nozzles,and the air is delivered to the blades via receiver holes in the rotating turbine disc.Swirling the air reduces its temperature relative to the rotating blades,and the designer needs to calculate the air temperature and pressure drop in the system.The designer also needs to calculate the effect of this swirling flow on the heat transfer from the turbine disc to the air,as this has a significant effect on the temperature distribution and stresses in the disc.Recent experimental and computational studies have given a better understanding of the flow and heat transfer in these systems.Buoyancy-induced flow occurs in the cavity between two co-rotating compressor discs when the temperature of the discs is higher than that of the air in the cavity.Coriolis forces create cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation inside the cavity and,as such flows are three-dimensional and unsteady,the heat transfer from the discs to the air is difficult either to compute or to measure.The flow also tends to be unstable and one flow structure can change quasi-randomly to another,which makes it hard for designers of aero-engines to calculate the transient temperature changes and thermal stresses in the discs during take-off,cruise and landing conditions.Although recent CFD research has been successful in computing these flows,it will be many years before the designer can rely on computations unless they have been validated on reliable experimental data.      

CCSDS AOS建议介绍

本文简介了ＡＯＳ建议制订的背景及其特点,较为详细地描述了其结构与业务,并阐述了与之相关的虚拟信道复用、等时业务的实现等问题。     

~(201)Hg~+离子贮存式频率标准

本文讨论利用在潘宁离子收集器中贮存~201Hg~+离子实现微波频率(和时间)标准以及光频标性能的潜力与存在的问题。有许多讨论一般都适用于离子贮存式频标。激光致冷、光抽运、以及微波或光时钟跃迁的光检测,可利用在194.2nm6P~2P_(1/2)←6~2S_(1/2)跃迁的窄带幅射,而有选择地将基态超精细能级与适当的微波幅射加以混频来完成。特别适用于采用潘宁(冷阴极)离子收集器的一阶独立场微波时钟跃迁是在1.534T 磁场的25.9GHz(F,M_F)=(2,1)←→(1,1)超精细跃迁。在563nm(毫微米)的双量子无多普勒5d~96S~(22)D_(5/2)←→5d~(10)6S~2S_(1/2)迁可能是光频标所要选用的。两种频标的绝对准确度具有达到好于1×10~(-15)而频率稳定度低于10~(-16)的潜力。