全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3218篇 |
免费 | 7篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
航空 | 1203篇 |
航天技术 | 1043篇 |
综合类 | 20篇 |
航天 | 965篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 16篇 |
2021年 | 38篇 |
2019年 | 16篇 |
2018年 | 128篇 |
2017年 | 102篇 |
2016年 | 115篇 |
2015年 | 41篇 |
2014年 | 114篇 |
2013年 | 134篇 |
2012年 | 119篇 |
2011年 | 160篇 |
2010年 | 128篇 |
2009年 | 195篇 |
2008年 | 190篇 |
2007年 | 124篇 |
2006年 | 75篇 |
2005年 | 102篇 |
2004年 | 94篇 |
2003年 | 107篇 |
2002年 | 83篇 |
2001年 | 113篇 |
2000年 | 36篇 |
1999年 | 53篇 |
1998年 | 61篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 43篇 |
1995年 | 82篇 |
1994年 | 61篇 |
1993年 | 34篇 |
1992年 | 45篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 19篇 |
1989年 | 41篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 16篇 |
1985年 | 70篇 |
1984年 | 56篇 |
1983年 | 48篇 |
1982年 | 42篇 |
1981年 | 82篇 |
1980年 | 25篇 |
1979年 | 16篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 17篇 |
1976年 | 13篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
1974年 | 11篇 |
1972年 | 13篇 |
1971年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有3231条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
951.
The design of a suboptimal terminal guidance system for reentry vehicles with a constraint on the body attitude angle at impact is studied. Permissible range of the miss distance and the body attitude angle at impact is specified. The problem is formulated as a linear quadratic control problem. The Riccati equation is derived to provide time-varying feedback gains. The desired scheme is suboptimal. The region of initial states for which the system meets the specifications becomes smaller as the initial height of the reentry vehicle at initial time is decreased. 相似文献
952.
R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber N. U. Crooker A. Balogh V. Bothmer R. J. Forsyth P. Gazis J. T. Gosling T. Horbury A. Kilchenmann I. G. Richardson J. D. Richardson P. Riley L. Rodriguez R. von Steiger P. Wurz T. H. Zurbuchen 《Space Science Reviews》2006,123(1-3):177-216
While interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are understood to be the heliospheric counterparts of CMEs, with signatures
undeniably linked to the CME process, the variability of these signatures and questions about mapping to observed CME features
raise issues that remain on the cutting edge of ICME research. These issues are discussed in the context of traditional understanding,
and recent results using innovative analysis techniques are reviewed. 相似文献
953.
During the last several years significant progress has been made in understanding MHD turbulence in the Earth’s plasma sheet.
Due to the statistically transitory properties of fluctuations, finite size and boundary effects, however, issues of fundamental
importance remain unresolved. Here we concentrate on such intrinsic features of plasma sheet turbulence as its origin and
dynamical nature. In particular, we investigate bursty bulk flow driven multi-scale transfer of energy towards the dissipation
scale, and provide evidence for the presence of non-linear interactions. We show that, in contrast with previous results,
Alfvénic fluctuations together with 2D eddy interactions may appear as important constituents of turbulence in the plasma
sheet. 相似文献
954.
J. H. Waite Jr. W. S. Lewis W. T. Kasprzak V. G. Anicich B. P. Block T. E. Cravens G. G. Fletcher W.-H. Ip J. G. Luhmann R. L. Mcnutt H. B. Niemann J. K. Parejko J. E. Richards R. L. Thorpe E. M. Walter R. V. Yelle 《Space Science Reviews》2004,114(1-4):113-231
The Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) investigation will determine the mass composition and number densities of neutral species and low-energy ions in key regions of the Saturn system. The primary focus of the INMS investigation is on the composition and structure of Titan’s upper atmosphere and its interaction with Saturn’s magnetospheric plasma. Of particular interest is the high-altitude region, between 900 and 1000 km, where the methane and nitrogen photochemistry is initiated that leads to the creation of complex hydrocarbons and nitriles that may eventually precipitate onto the moon’s surface to form hydrocarbon–nitrile lakes or oceans. The investigation is also focused on the neutral and plasma environments of Saturn’s ring system and icy moons and on the identification of positive ions and neutral species in Saturn’s inner magnetosphere. Measurement of material sputtered from the satellites and the rings by magnetospheric charged particle and micrometeorite bombardment is expected to provide information about the formation of the giant neutral cloud of water molecules and water products that surrounds Saturn out to a distance of ∼12 planetary radii and about the genesis and evolution of the rings.The INMS instrument consists of a closed ion source and an open ion source, various focusing lenses, an electrostatic quadrupole switching lens, a radio frequency quadrupole mass analyzer, two secondary electron multiplier detectors, and the associated supporting electronics and power supply systems. The INMS will be operated in three different modes: a closed source neutral mode, for the measurement of non-reactive neutrals such as N2 and CH4; an open source neutral mode, for reactive neutrals such as atomic nitrogen; and an open source ion mode, for positive ions with energies less than 100 eV. Instrument sensitivity is greatest in the first mode, because the ram pressure of the inflowing gas can be used to enhance the density of the sampled non-reactive neutrals in the closed source antechamber. In this mode, neutral species with concentrations on the order of ≥104 cm−3 will be detected (compared with ≥105 cm−3 in the open source neutral mode). For ions the detection threshold is on the order of 10−2 cm−3 at Titan relative velocity (6 km sec−1). The INMS instrument has a mass range of 1–99 Daltons and a mass resolutionM/ΔM of 100 at 10% of the mass peak height, which will allow detection of heavier hydrocarbon species and of possible cyclic hydrocarbons such as C6H6.The INMS instrument was built by a team of engineers and scientists working at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (Planetary Atmospheres Laboratory) and the University of Michigan (Space Physics Research Laboratory). INMS development and fabrication were directed by Dr. Hasso B. Niemann (Goddard Space Flight Center). The instrument is operated by a Science Team, which is also responsible for data analysis and distribution. The INMS Science Team is led by Dr. J. Hunter Waite, Jr. (University of Michigan).This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献
955.
Lembege B. Giacalone J. Scholer M. Hada T. Hoshino M. Krasnoselskikh V. Kucharek H. Savoini P. Terasawa T. 《Space Science Reviews》2004,110(3-4):161-226
The physics of collisionless shocks is a very broad topic, which has been well studied for many decades. However, there are a number of important issues which remain unresolved. Moreover, there have been new findings, which cast doubt on well-established ideas. The purpose of this review is to address a subset of unresolved problems in collisionless shock physics from a theoretical and/or numerical modeling point of view. The topics which are addressed are: the nonstationarity of the shock front, the heating and dynamics of electrons through the shock layer, particle diffusion in turbulent electric and magnetic fields, particle acceleration, and the interaction of pickup ions with collisionless shocks. 相似文献
956.
R. P. Lepping M. H. Acũna L. F. Burlaga W. M. Farrell J. A. Slavin K. H. Schatten F. Mariani N. F. Ness F. M. Neubauer Y. C. Whang J. B. Byrnes R. S. Kennon P. V. Panetta J. Scheifele E. M. Worley 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):207-229
The magnetic field experiment on WIND will provide data for studies of a broad range of scales of structures and fluctuation characteristics of the interplanetary magnetic field throughout the mission, and, where appropriate, relate them to the statics and dynamics of the magnetosphere. The basic instrument of the Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) is a boom-mounted dual triaxial fluxgate magnetometer and associated electronics. The dual configuration provides redundancy and also permits accurate removal of the dipolar portion of the spacecraft magnetic field. The instrument provides (1) near real-time data at nominally one vector per 92 s as key parameter data for broad dissemination, (2) rapid data at 10.9 vectors s–1 for standard analysis, and (3) occasionally, snapshot (SS) memory data and Fast Fourier Transform data (FFT), both based on 44 vectors s–1. These measurements will be precise (0.025%), accurate, ultra-sensitive (0.008 nT/step quantization), and where the sensor noise level is <0.006 nT r.m.s. for 0–10 Hz. The digital processing unit utilizes a 12-bit microprocessor controlled analogue-to-digital converter. The instrument features a very wide dynamic range of measurement capability, from ±4 nT up to ±65 536 nT per axis in eight discrete ranges. (The upper range permits complete testing in the Earth's field.) In the FTT mode power spectral density elements are transmitted to the ground as fast as once every 23 s (high rate), and 2.7 min of SS memory time series data, triggered automatically by pre-set command, requires typically about 5.1 hours for transmission. Standard data products are expected to be the following vector field averages: 0.0227-s (detail data from SS), 0.092 s (detail in standard mode), 3 s, 1 min, and 1 hour, in both GSE and GSM coordinates, as well as the FFT spectral elements. As has been our team's tradition, high instrument reliability is obtained by the use of fully redundant systems and extremely conservative designs. We plan studies of the solar wind: (1) as a collisionless plasma laboratory, at all time scales, macro, meso and micro, but concentrating on the kinetic scale, the highest time resolution of the instrument (=0.022 s), (2) as a consequence of solar energy and mass output, (3) as an external source of plasma that can couple mass, momentum, and energy to the Earth's magnetosphere, and (4) as it is modified as a consequence of its imbedded field interacting with the moon. Since the GEOTAIL Inboard Magnetometer (GIM), which is similar to the MFI instrument, was developed by members of our team, we provide a brief discussion of GIM related science objectives, along with MFI related science goals. 相似文献
957.
958.
V. B. Baranov 《Space Science Reviews》1990,52(1-2):89-120
A survey of the present-day situation in gasdynamical models of solar wind interaction with the local interstellar medium is presented. A role of these models in interpreting a number of observed physical phenomena is investigated. Experimental data and possible observations are considered from the viewpoint of their interpretation on the basis of theoretical models. Our attention is concentrated on the main limitations of the gasdynamical models, in particular, two-shocks model developed by Baranovet al. (1981, 1982). 相似文献
959.
Goldsten J. O. McNutt R. L. Gold R. E. Gary S. A. Fiore E. Schneider S. E. Hayes J. R. Trombka J. I. Floyd S. R. Boynton W. V. Bailey S. Brückner J. Squyres S. W. Evans L. G. Clark P. E. Starr R. 《Space Science Reviews》1997,82(1-2):169-216
An X-ray/gamma-ray spectrometer has been developed as part of a rendezvous mission with the near-Earth asteroid, 433 Eros, in an effort to answer fundamental questions about the nature and origin of asteroids and comets. During about 10 months of orbital operations commencing in early 1999, the X-ray/Gamma-ray Spectrometer will develop global maps of the elemental composition of the surface of Eros. The instrument remotely senses characteristic X-ray and gamma-ray emissions to determine composition. Solar excited X-ray fluorescence in the 1 to 10 keV range will be used to measure the surface abundances of Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe with spatial resolutions down to 2 km. Gamma-ray emissions in the 0.1 to 10 MeV range will be used to measure cosmic-ray excited elements O, Si, Fe, H and naturally radioactive elements K, Th, U to surface depths on the order of 10 cm. The X-ray spectrometer consists of three gas-filled proportional counters with a collimated field of view of 5° and an energy resolution of 850 eV @ 5.9 keV. Two sunward looking X-ray detectors monitor the incident solar flux, one of which is the first flight of a new, miniature solid-state detector which achieves 600 eV resolution @ 5.9 keV. The gamma-ray spectrometer consists of a NaI(Tl) scintillator situated within a Bismuth Germanate (BGO) cup, which provides both active and passive shielding to confine the field of view and eliminate the need for a massive and costly boom. New coincidence techniques enable recovery of single and double escape events in the central detector. The NaI(Tl) and BGO detectors achieve energy resolutions of 8.7% and 14%, respectively @ 0.662 MeV. A data processing unit based on an RTX2010 microprocessor provides the spacecraft interface and produces 256-channel spectra for X-ray detectors and 1024-channel spectra for the raw, coincident, and anti-coincident gamma-ray modes. This paper presents a detailed overview of the X-ray/Gamma-ray Spectrometer and describes the science objectives, measurement objectives, instrument design, and shows some results from early in-flight data. 相似文献
960.