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The Mercury Dual Imaging System on the MESSENGER Spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Edward Hawkins III John D. Boldt Edward H. Darlington Raymond Espiritu Robert E. Gold Bruce Gotwols Matthew P. Grey Christopher D. Hash John R. Hayes Steven E. Jaskulek Charles J. Kardian Jr. Mary R. Keller Erick R. Malaret Scott L. Murchie Patricia K. Murphy Keith Peacock Louise M. Prockter R. Alan Reiter Mark S. Robinson Edward D. Schaefer Richard G. Shelton Raymond E. Sterner II Howard W. Taylor Thomas R. Watters Bruce D. Williams 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):247-338
The Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft will provide critical measurements tracing Mercury’s origin
and evolution. MDIS consists of a monochrome narrow-angle camera (NAC) and a multispectral wide-angle camera (WAC). The NAC
is a 1.5° field-of-view (FOV) off-axis reflector, coaligned with the WAC, a four-element refractor with a 10.5° FOV and 12-color
filter wheel. The focal plane electronics of each camera are identical and use a 1,024×1,024 Atmel (Thomson) TH7888A charge-coupled
device detector. Only one camera operates at a time, allowing them to share a common set of control electronics. The NAC and
the WAC are mounted on a pivoting platform that provides a 90° field-of-regard, extending 40° sunward and 50° anti-sunward
from the spacecraft +Z-axis—the boresight direction of most of MESSENGER’s instruments. Onboard data compression provides capabilities for pixel
binning, remapping of 12-bit data into 8 bits, and lossless or lossy compression. MDIS will acquire four main data sets at
Mercury during three flybys and the two-Mercury-solar-day nominal mission: a monochrome global image mosaic at near-zero emission
angles and moderate incidence angles, a stereo-complement map at off-nadir geometry and near-identical lighting, multicolor
images at low incidence angles, and targeted high-resolution images of key surface features. These data will be used to construct
a global image base map, a digital terrain model, global maps of color properties, and mosaics of high-resolution image strips.
Analysis of these data will provide information on Mercury’s impact history, tectonic processes, the composition and emplacement
history of volcanic materials, and the thickness distribution and compositional variations of crustal materials. This paper
summarizes MDIS’s science objectives and technical design, including the common payload design of the MDIS data processing
units, as well as detailed results from ground and early flight calibrations and plans for Mercury image products to be generated
from MDIS data. 相似文献
13.
Doris Breuer Steven A. Hauck II Monika Buske Martin Pauer Tilman Spohn 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):229-260
The interior evolution of Mercury—the innermost planet in the solar system, with its exceptional high density—is poorly known.
Our current knowledge of Mercury is based on observations from Mariner 10’s three flybys. That knowledge includes the important
discoveries of a weak, active magnetic field and a system of lobate scarps that suggests limited radial contraction of the
planet during the last 4 billion years. We review existing models of Mercury’s interior evolution and further present new
2D and 3D convection models that consider both a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity and core cooling. These studies
provide a framework for understanding the basic characteristics of the planet’s internal evolution as well as the role of
the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, mantle viscosity, and sulfur content of the core have had on the
history of Mercury’s interior.
The existence of a dynamo-generated magnetic field suggests a growing inner core, as model calculations show that a thermally
driven dynamo for Mercury is unlikely. Thermal evolution models suggest a range of possible upper limits for the sulfur content
in the core. For large sulfur contents the model cores would be entirely fluid. The observation of limited planetary contraction
(∼1–2 km)—if confirmed by future missions—may provide a lower limit for the core sulfur content. For smaller sulfur contents,
the planetary contraction obtained after the end of the heavy bombardment due to inner core growth is larger than the observed
value. Due to the present poor knowledge of various parameters, for example, the mantle rheology, the thermal conductivity
of mantle and crust, and the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, it is not possible to constrain the core
sulfur content nor the present state of the mantle. Therefore, it is difficult to robustly predict whether or not the mantle
is conductive or in the convective regime. For instance, in the case of very inefficient planetary cooling—for example, as
a consequence of a strong thermal insulation by a low conductivity crust and a stiff Newtonian mantle rheology—the predicted
sulfur content can be as low as 1 wt% to match current estimates of planetary contraction, making deep mantle convection likely.
Efficient cooling—for example, caused by the growth of a crust strongly in enriched in radiogenic elements—requires more than
6.5 wt% S. These latter models also predict a transition from a convective to a conductive mantle during the planet’s history.
Data from future missions to Mercury will aid considerably our understanding of the evolution of its interior. 相似文献
14.
Charles E. Schlemm II Richard D. Starr George C. Ho Kathryn E. Bechtold Sarah A. Hamilton John D. Boldt William V. Boynton Walter Bradley Martin E. Fraeman Robert E. Gold John O. Goldsten John R. Hayes Stephen E. Jaskulek Egidio Rossano Robert A. Rumpf Edward D. Schaefer Kim Strohbehn Richard G. Shelton Raymond E. Thompson Jacob I. Trombka Bruce D. Williams 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):393-415
NASA’s MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging) mission will further the understanding of
the formation of the planets by examining the least studied of the terrestrial planets, Mercury. During the one-year orbital
phase (beginning in 2011) and three earlier flybys (2008 and 2009), the X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) onboard the MESSENGER spacecraft
will measure the surface elemental composition. XRS will measure the characteristic X-ray emissions induced on the surface
of Mercury by the incident solar flux. The Kα lines for the elements Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Ti, and Fe will be detected. The 12°
field-of-view of the instrument will allow a spatial resolution that ranges from 42 km at periapsis to 3200 km at apoapsis
due to the spacecraft’s highly elliptical orbit. XRS will provide elemental composition measurements covering the majority
of Mercury’s surface, as well as potential high-spatial-resolution measurements of features of interest. This paper summarizes
XRS’s science objectives, technical design, calibration, and mission observation strategy. 相似文献
15.
B. A. Smith G. A. Briggs G. E. Danielson A. F. Cook II M. E. Davies G. E. Hunt H. Masursky L. A. Soderblom T. C. Owen C. Sagan V. E. Suomi 《Space Science Reviews》1977,21(2):103-127
The overall objective of this experiment is exploratory reconnaissance of Jupiter, Saturn, their satellites, and Saturn's rings. Such reconnaissance, at resolutions and phase angles unobtainable from Earth, can be expected to provide much new data relevant to the atmospheric and/or surface properties of these bodies. The experiment also has the following specific objectives:Observe and characterize the global circulation of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn;Determine the horizontal and vertical structure of the visible clouds and establish their relationship to the belted appearance and dynamical properties of the planetary atmospheres;Determine the vertical structure of high, optically-thin, scattering layers on Jupiter and Saturn;Determine the nature of anomalous features such as the Great Red Spot, South Equatorial Belt disturbances, etc.;Characterize the nature of the colored material in the clouds of Jupiter and Saturn, and identify the nature and sources of chromophores on Io and Titan;Perform comparative geologic studies of many satellites at less than 15-km resolution;Map and characterize the geologic structure of several satellites at high resolution (1 km);Investigate the existence and nature of atmospheres on the satellites;Determine the mass, size, and shape of many of the satellites by direct measurement;Determine the direction of the spin axes and periods of rotation of several satellites, and establish coordinate systems for the larger satellites;Map the radial distribution of material in Saturn's rings at high resolution;Determine the optical scattering properties of the primaries, rings, and satellites at several wavelengths and phase angles;Search for novel physical phenomena, e.g., phenomena associated with the Io flux tube, meteors, aurorae, lightning, or satellite shadows.Team leader.Deputy team leader. 相似文献
16.
T.W. Garner T.L. Gaussiran II B.W. Tolman R.B. Harris R.S. Calfas H. Gallagher 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
With the advent of modern global networks of dual-frequency Global Positioning System (GPS), total electron content (TEC) measurements along slant paths connecting GPS receivers and satellites at 22,000 km have become the largest data set available to ionospheric scientists. The TEC can be calculated from the time and phase delay in the GPS signal using the GPS Toolkit, but an unknown bias will remain. In addition, UHF/VHF radio beacons on board low-Earth-orbiting satellites can also be used to measure the electron content. However, the TEC measurements are obtained by integrating TEC differences between slant paths, but also contain biases. It is often necessary to use data assimilative algorithms like the Ionospheric Data Assimilation Three-Dimensional (IDA3D), and to treat both GPS- and LEO-beacon TEC measurements as relative data in order to conduct ionospheric studies. 相似文献
17.
Andrisani D. II Kim E.T. Schierman J. Kuhl F.P. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1991,27(1):40-47
Extended-Kalman-filter-based trackers are discussed for maneuvering helicopters that use body angle and rotor tip-path-plane angle measurements in addition to the usual radar position measurements. Improvements were found in tracker performance when the body rotation and rotor tip-path-plane degrees of freedom were modeled within the extended Kalman filter. Tracker performance was further improved when measurements of body angles and rotor tip-path-plane angles were made available to the tracker 相似文献