M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

谐振式光纤陀螺用激光器最优工作区间探究

激光器为谐振式光纤陀螺(R-FOG)的关键器件,根据R-FOG对激光器的要求,提出了一种R-FOG用激光器最佳工作点及最优工作区间的确立方法,制定了激光器性能自动化测试方案,得到激光器光功率、中心波长与电流、温度的变化关系。由此推导出2个激光器电流与温度的最佳工作点,并利用拍频检测原理确立2个激光器电流与温度的最优工作区域。激光器最优工作区域的掌握,为其应用于R-FOG提供了详实的参数指标。     

对抗条件下反舰导弹突击效能评估研究

通过分析对抗条件下反舰导弹导引头开机后的突击过程,提出了影响反舰导弹突击作战效能的主要因素并建立评价指标体系。采用层次分析法和模糊综合评判法建立各子指标的能力计算模型,运用指数法构建反舰导弹突击作战能力的综合评估模型,通过算例分析验证了模型的可行性;运用TOPSIS法验证了模型的可靠性。     

升力体高超声速飞行器横向气动特性研究

升力体高超声速飞行器具有较高升阻比,但稳定性尤其是横侧向稳定性差,研究表明,在横侧向两个方向中,横向稳定性更弱。为了深入理解升力体高超声速飞行器最薄弱的横向稳定性问题,进行了两种典型升力体高超声速飞行器滚转动稳定特性的风洞试验研究。试验采用自由振动方法,试验马赫数5和6,单位雷诺数分别为Re/L=2.3×107和2.0×107。试验结果表明:升力体模型一在小迎角就出现自激振动,判断是由于头部存在非对称转捩引起,通过在模型前体顺气流方向布置绊线促使流动在绊线处对称转捩的方式,有效抑制了模型的自激振动,并使受激后的滚转自由振动曲线线性增强,滚转动态稳定性增加;升力体试验模型二的滚转非定常气动力的试验中模型的振荡具有较强多频谱和周期性特征,对该试验模型加绊线前多种状态的滚转非定常振动曲线进行的谱分析发现,它们都存在除机械阻尼外的3个振动频率,说明高超声速横向绕流有3个特征尺度,即横向分离或转捩流动有3个不同的尺度。建立由这3个振动频率余弦和形式表达的滚转力矩数学模型。从数学模型值与相应气动数据的对比来看,3个振动频率建立的数学模型捕捉了升力体高超声速飞行器滚转非定常气动力试验曲线的基本趋势,也涵盖了滚转力矩主要的量值范围。     

两对边自由另两边自由与固定混合支承矩形板的弯曲

本文应用三角级数加多项式的方法解决了对边自由另两边自由与固定混合支承矩形薄板在静水压力作用下的弯问题，给出的挠度函数满足薄板的基本微分方程、全部边界条件以及角点条件。从而得到了这一问题的解析解。     

皱褶结构芯格构型的几何设计方法

夹层结构具有较高的抗弯刚度质量比,较好的吸音、隔音、隔热和耐疲劳性能,被广泛应用于航空航天领域。夹层结构的芯材是具有一定抗剪刚度的轻质材料。从理论上讲,可以制造出各种不同构造型式的芯材。但由于工艺方法以及制造成本的限制,目前结构上常用的是由金属或非金属材料制成的六角蜂窝芯材。本文介绍了将平面板材通过按一定有规律的线系进行皱褶,从而形成各种不同构造型式、不同几何尺寸的等高度、变高度或曲面构型等复杂形状的芯材,用以满足各种不同的结构和功能性要求。而且,这种方法具有很好的工艺性。     

考虑粗糙效应的航空高速滚子轴承动态模拟

耦合高速滚动轴承动力学理论和部分弹性流体动力润滑（PEHL）理论,提出了考虑轴承元件表面粗糙效应的高速滚动轴承动态特性分析方法。分析结果表明,轴承元件表面粗糙度和表面粗糙纹理方向对高速轴承的动力学特性有较大的影响,提高轴承元件表面加工质量可以抑制高速轴承元件在运行中出现的动态不稳定性现象;实验工作不仅支持了本文的分析,而且支持了高速滚动轴承是在混合润滑状态下工作的结论。      

环境应力筛选加速系数

从工程应用出发,根据RADC筛选度模型,给出几种典型环境应力的加速系数公式,并通过实例对其正确性进行了验证,为环境应力筛选的定量分析和优化设计提供了一个方便、有力的工具。     

航天飞机通信线路射频覆盖分析和性能评价

本文介绍了NASA约翰逊航天中心目前对航天飞机计划中的通信和跟踪无线电线路所作的射频覆盖分析和性能评价工作。综合应用轨道、天线数据、地面站和航天飞机硬件特性以及射频线路数学模型,预测航天飞机的三个基本飞行段的射频线路性能——上升段、在轨段和返回段。结果表明早期设计有许多不足,需要重新配置地面站。目前,性能已能满足要求。