利用同步检测的频率比较器

监测频率有许多种不同的方法,但其中绝大多数均有这样的缺点,即在监测时,总会把与所需波形同时存在于电路内的固有噪声测出。本文的电路克服了这个噪声问题。它采用的方法是以参考信号的频率对未知频率的信号采样,然后用一个低通滤波器得出被测波形的平均詹。如果输入频率 f_(in)等于参考频率 f_(ref),则在输出端产生一个不等于零的平均值。而如果是 f_(in)≠f_(ref),则各采样值的平均值等于零。除此之外,该电路对噪声是无响应的。它能在100赫至100千赫范围内很好地工作。     

地球同步系留卫星系统及其在通信系统中的应用

同步系留卫星系统使同步轨道资源从一维弧段扩展成为二维圆盘。每颗系留卫星都相隔几千公里,沿本地垂线排列,稳定在同步轨道速度高度。据估计,该系统应用于通信系统,与传统的同步卫星轨道系统相比,卫星的数量将增加13倍;通信能力将增加17倍以上。     

用双基超宽带合成孔径雷达提取地面动目标信息

讨论了在超宽带波束合成孔径雷达，系统中利用双基天线构造进行地面动目标显示的方法。为了抑制强杂波信号，雷达信道具有同样严格的要求。在双基系统中这些信道是不一样的，作者研究了如何补偿这种双基构造。双基杂波散射的影响是不可能补偿的，因此尝试对地面动目标显示的双基散射影响进行估算。在时域和频域中可把宽天线波束的双基合成孔径转换成单元基合成孔径。雷达信道间的失配会引起杂波泄漏，明确了时域和频域脉冲压缩冲激响应泄漏。     

Improvement of the extravehicular activity suit for the MIR orbiting station program

Since 1977, EVA suits of the semi-rigid type have been used to support sorties from Russian orbiting stations. Currently, within the MIR station program, the Orlan-DMA, the latest modification of the Orlan semi-rigid EVA suit is used by crewmembers. Quite some experience has been gained by Russia in operations of the Orlan type suits. It has proved the advantages of the EVA suit of a semi-rigid configuration, featuring donning/doffing through a hinged backpack door with a built-in life support system. Meanwhile there were some wishes and comments from the crewmembers addressed to the enclosure design and some LSS components. Currently a number of ways and methods are being developed to improve operational characteristics of the suit as well as to enhance its reliability and lifetime. The forthcoming EVAs to be performed by the STS-MIR crewmembers and future EVAs from the common airlock of the International Space Station Alpha make implementation of the planned improvements even more consistent. The paper analyzes the experience gained in the Orlan-DMA operation and discusses planned improvements in light of the forthcoming activities. In particular the Orlan enhancement program is aimed to make the donning/doffing easier, enhance enclosure mobility, improve the condensate removal unit, increase the CCC (Contamination Control Cartridge) operation time and simplify the onboard subsystem design concept.     

级数展开法在捷变频雷达综合测试仪误差估计中的应用

针对捷变频雷达综合测试仪测频算法进行了误差分析,用级数展开法推导了计数式瞬时测频中测频误差与观测时间、基准时钟频率及被测信号频率之间的关系,给出了测频精度与雷达脉宽、载频之间的关系式.     

Chronic orthostatic and antiorthostatic restraint induce neuroendocrine, immune and neurophysiologial disorders in rats

The tail-cast suspension rat model has been developed in ground laboratories interested in space physiology for extensive study of mechanisms causing the pathophysiological syndrome associated with space flights. We used individually-caged male rats to explore the effects of acute and chronic (7d) orthostatic restraint (OR) and head-down anti-orthostatic restraint (AOR) on a series of physiological variables. The acute restraint study showed that (1) the installation of the OR device induced an acute reaction for 2 days, with a substantial rise in ACTH (x2) and CORT (x6), and that (2) the head-down tilt from OR to AOR induced (i) within 10 min and lasting 60 min a 2-fold rise in the intra-cerebro-ventricular pressure (Picv) monitored with an icv telemetric recording system, which receded to normal between 60 and 120 min; and (ii) within 30 min a short-lived 4-fold rise in plasma ACTH and CORT levels. Chronic OR induced (1) the suppression of the diurnal ACTH/CORT rhythm, with increased mean levels, especially for ACTH, (2) a degraded circadian locomotor activity rhythm manifested by a significant reduction in the spectral power of the 24h periodicity and a concomitant emergence of shorter (ultradian) periodicities, (3) an associated, but less pronounced alteration of the diurnal rhythm in body temperature; and (4) a marked increase in baseline plasma levels of IL-1β and an increased reactivity in cytokine release following an E. coli endotoxin (LPS) challenge. AOR induced (1) a similar obliteration of the circadian ACTH/CORT rhythm, (2) the loss of close correlation between ACTH and CORT, (3) a generalized increase in baseline plasma IL-1β levels and (4) more extensive degradation of the arcadian periodicity for both locomotor activity and, to a lesser extent, body temperature, replaced by dominant spectral powers for ultradian periodicities (3 to 10h). In conclusion, both experimental paradigms — but AOR more than OR — caused a blockade of the arcadian rhythmicity of major physiological variables, the loss of normal correlations between ACTH and CORT, and inflammatory-immune hyperreactivity. These pathophysiological disorders may all be parts of a complex chronic stress syndrome.     

Gravity perception and signal transduction in single cells

Cellular signal processing in multi-, as well as in unicellular organisms, has to rely on fundamentally similar mechanisms. Free-living single cells often use the gravity vector for their spatial orientation (gravitaxis) and show distinct gravisensitivities. In this investigation the gravisensitive giant ameboid cell Physarum polycephalum (Myxomycetes, acellular slime molds) is used. Its gravitaxis and the modulation of its intrinsic rhythmic contraction activity by gravity was demonstrated in 180 °turn experiments and in simulated, as well as in actual, near-weightlessness studies (fast-rotating clinostat; Spacelab D1, IML-1). The stimulus perception was addressed in an IML-2 experiment, which provided information on the gravireceptor itself by the determination of the cell's acceleration-sensitivity threshold. Ground-based experiments designed to elucidate the subsequent steps in signal transduction leading to a motor response, suggest that an acceleration stimulus induces changes in the level of second messenger, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), indicating also that the acceleration-stimulus signal transduction chain of Physarum uses an ubiquitous second messenger pathway.     

固体火箭发动机点火器热通量的测量

使用箔式铂热通量计,对两种几何形状不同的点火器进行瞬间和轴向热通量分布的测量。所用的参数是不同的点火药量,管子长度和喷管喉径。对烟火剂燃烧产生的粒状物质的粒度分布作了研究,并且推论了这种粒子分布对总热量的影响。辐射在总热量传递过程中相对来说是不重要的,而在点火器作用期间,业径发现,由于粒子传热引起的“点”的热通量是热传递的最重要方式之一,事实上,这种传热方式可能是固体火箭发动机中点火火焰最初出现的原因。     

高动态GPS跟踪

几种用于跟踪高劝态 GPS 信号的算法,可满足 GPS 跟踪的要求。本文简介其中的部分工作,如最大似然估计器、扩展卡尔曼滤波器、叉积 AFC 环,交叠 DFT AFC 环、频率扩展卡尔曼滤波器等。对它们作了对比,并列出比较结果。     

多路SAR高分辨率3-D成像

星载／机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)系统提供了高分辨率二维地形图像。本文提出一种组合多路SAR图像(在稍微偏离仰角方向的飞行航线上所得到的)来生成高分辨率三维图像的技术。可以把这项技术看作是干涉SAR(InSAR)的扩展，用这种技术能产生多维分辨率的地形图像。3-D多路SAR成像系统在仰角方向一般由相对比较短的模糊长度表征。为了使有关模糊度减至最小值，利用了一组图像内的相关相位信息来跟踪地面景物。然后，在以“主要”地形地面为中心的窄(仰角方向)体积范围内，采用非均匀DFT对SAR图像进行相干组合。本文详细介绍了该技术的基础理论，并提供了该技术可达到的分辨率和实验研究结果。