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151.
Donald V. Reames 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(3):61
The relative abundances of chemical elements and isotopes have been our most effective tool in identifying and understanding the physical processes that control populations of energetic particles. The early surprise in solar energetic particles (SEPs) was 1000-fold enhancements in \({}^{3}\mbox{He}/{}^{4}\mbox{He}\) from resonant wave-particle interactions in the small “impulsive” SEP events that emit electron beams that produce type III radio bursts. Further studies found enhancements in Fe/O, then extreme enhancements in element abundances that increase with mass-to-charge ratio \(A/Q\), rising by a factor of 1000 from He to Au or Pb arising in magnetic reconnection regions on open field lines in solar jets. In contrast, in the largest SEP events, the “gradual” events, acceleration occurs at shock waves driven out from the Sun by fast, wide coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Averaging many events provides a measure of solar coronal abundances, but \(A/Q\)-dependent scattering during transport causes variations with time; thus if Fe scatters less than O, Fe/O is enhanced early and depleted later. To complicate matters, shock waves often reaccelerate impulsive suprathermal ions left over or trapped above active regions that have spawned many impulsive events. Direct measurements of ionization states \(Q\) show coronal temperatures of 1–2 MK for most gradual events, but impulsive events often show stripping by matter traversal after acceleration. Direct measurements of \(Q\) are difficult and often unavailable. Since both impulsive and gradual SEP events have abundance enhancements that vary as powers of \(A/Q\), we can use abundances to deduce the probable \(Q\)-values and the source plasma temperatures during acceleration, ≈3 MK for impulsive SEPs. This new technique also allows multiple spacecraft to measure temperature variations across the face of a shock wave, measurements otherwise unavailable and provides a new understanding of abundance variations in the element He. Comparing coronal abundances from SEPs and from the slow solar wind as a function of the first ionization potential (FIP) of the elements, remaining differences are for the elements C, P, and S. The theory of the fractionation of ions by Alfvén waves shows that C, P, and S are suppressed because of wave resonances during chromospheric transport on closed magnetic loops but not on open magnetic fields that supply the solar wind. Shock waves can accelerate ions from closed coronal loops that easily escape as SEPs, while the solar wind must emerge on open fields. 相似文献
152.
Noriyuki Matsunaga Giuseppe Bono Xiaodian Chen Richard de Grijs Laura Inno Shogo Nishiyama 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(4):74
Here we discuss impacts of distance determinations on the Galactic disk traced by relatively young objects. The Galactic disk, \(\sim40~\mbox{kpc}\) in diameter, is a cross-road of studies on the methods of measuring distances, interstellar extinction, evolution of galaxies, and other subjects of interest in astronomy. A proper treatment of interstellar extinction is, for example, crucial for estimating distances to stars in the disk outside the small range of the solar neighborhood. We’ll review the current status of relevant studies and discuss some new approaches to the extinction law. When the extinction law is reasonably constrained, distance indicators found in today and future surveys are telling us stellar distribution and more throughout the Galactic disk. Among several useful distance indicators, the focus of this review is Cepheids and open clusters (especially contact binaries in clusters). These tracers are particularly useful for addressing the metallicity gradient of the Galactic disk, an important feature for which comparison between observations and theoretical models can reveal the evolution of the disk. 相似文献
153.
Asteroids and comets are the remnants of the swarm of planetesimals from which the planets ultimately formed, and they retain records of processes that operated prior to and during planet formation. They are also likely the sources of most of the water and other volatiles accreted by Earth. In this review, we discuss the nature and probable origins of asteroids and comets based on data from remote observations, in situ measurements by spacecraft, and laboratory analyses of meteorites derived from asteroids. The asteroidal parent bodies of meteorites formed \(\leq 4\) Ma after Solar System formation while there was still a gas disk present. It seems increasingly likely that the parent bodies of meteorites spectroscopically linked with the E-, S-, M- and V-type asteroids formed sunward of Jupiter’s orbit, while those associated with C- and, possibly, D-type asteroids formed further out, beyond Jupiter but probably not beyond Saturn’s orbit. Comets formed further from the Sun than any of the meteorite parent bodies, and retain much higher abundances of interstellar material. CI and CM group meteorites are probably related to the most common C-type asteroids, and based on isotopic evidence they, rather than comets, are the most likely sources of the H and N accreted by the terrestrial planets. However, comets may have been major sources of the noble gases accreted by Earth and Venus. Possible constraints that these observations can place on models of giant planet formation and migration are explored. 相似文献
154.
从机器人自动上壁及缓冲的需求出发,分析了机器人拉力形成的机理、碰壁的原因和过程.利用空气动力学原理,给出了拉力的计算方法,采用机器人物理样机进行实验,对计算结果进行了验证.在拉力的作用下机器人与壁面贴合,同时伴随碰撞,其间冲击能量的吸收由机器人裙边和支撑机构所构成的缓冲装置承担.前者还要保证机器人贴壁后的密封,因此刚度不宜过大,后者还要保证机器人在壁面上稳定行走,因此它的刚度又不宜过小.给出了缓冲装置刚度的确定方法及其在裙边和支撑机构上的分配准则,可用于工程分析. 相似文献
155.
蜂窝夹层结构板的改制技术 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
基于同一公用平台卫星舱体蜂窝夹层结构板的外形和机械接口大致相同的特点,介绍了一种卫星舱体壁板的改制技术,采用切割、填充、加强、制孔、后埋等工艺方法,将结构星产品改制为电性星产品,能够大大降低成本,缩短周期。 相似文献
156.
157.
技术状态基线和技术状态文件管理是航天器研制过程中技术状态管理的重要组成部分。文章总结了航天器技术状态基线和技术状态文件的分类;针对在航天器实际应用中存在的对技术状态基线和技术状态文件的理解和认识不统一问题,梳理了研制阶段与技术状态基线的对应关系,并以此为基础探讨和分析了功能、研制(分配)与生产(产品)三类基线的建立,功能技术状态文件、研制技术状态文件和生产技术状态文件的形成与组成,以及技术状态控制过程中形成的文件归类问题。结合某新研遥感卫星技术状态管理过程,进一步阐述了新研航天器开展的与技术状态基线和技术状态文件相关的工作,并具体分析了形成的文件与技术状态文件的关系。该项目的应用效果表明,各阶段技术状态基线和文件的建立、确认、清理、总结等工作,有助于提高航天器技术状态管理的规范性和有效性。 相似文献
158.
氧化物的体积与形成该氧化物消耗的金属的体积之比(PBR,Pilliing-Bed-worth Ratio),是判断氧化膜完整性的一个重要判据,是氧化膜内产生生长应力的主要因素之一.基于合金氧化行为建立了一个简化的氧化模型,给出计算合金单一氧化膜PBR的计算式,估算了Nb2O5,Ti2Nb10O29,TiNb2O7,TiO2的PBR.研究表明:在Nb基合金中加入合金化元素Ti,合金的高温抗氧化性能得到改善.实验表明:随着Ti含量的增加,合金氧化膜中氧化产物的种类和含量发生变化,致使氧化膜的PBR发生改变.随着Ti含量的增加,氧化膜的PBR值逐渐减小,致使氧化膜的完整性提高. 相似文献
159.
提出了弹上电子产品开展发射可靠性验证试验的必要性判别方法,论述了弹上电子产品完成飞行可靠性验证试验后,无须再开展发射可靠性验证试验,为工程决策提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
160.
用T-Jump/FTIR联用技术,在高纯氮气气氛、不同压力、不同裂解温度和1 000 K/s的快速升温速率条件下,研究了CL-20的快速热裂解过程。用快速扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱实时跟踪分析分解产物的种类和浓度变化,考察了实验温度和压力对CL-20快速热裂解气相产物N2O/NO2和NO/NO2比值的影响。结果证实,CL-20的分解首先是从N—NO2键的断裂开始,生成NO和其他较稳定的气体产物(如CO、CO2和H2O等),这种N—N键断裂的反应因压力和温度增大而加速,气态NO2生成后又与凝聚相和其他活性还原性气体产物(如CH2O)发生二次反应,经中间产物而产生N2O。 相似文献