The Delivery of Water During Terrestrial Planet Formation

The planetary building blocks that formed in the terrestrial planet region were likely very dry, yet water is comparatively abundant on Earth. Here we review the various mechanisms proposed for the origin of water on the terrestrial planets. Various in-situ mechanisms have been suggested, which allow for the incorporation of water into the local planetesimals in the terrestrial planet region or into the planets themselves from local sources, although all of those mechanisms have difficulties. Comets have also been proposed as a source, although there may be problems fitting isotopic constraints, and the delivery efficiency is very low, such that it may be difficult to deliver even a single Earth ocean of water this way. The most promising route for water delivery is the accretion of material from beyond the snow line, similar to carbonaceous chondrites, that is scattered into the terrestrial planet region as the planets are growing. Two main scenarios are discussed in detail. First is the classical scenario in which the giant planets begin roughly in their final locations and the disk of planetesimals and embryos in the terrestrial planet region extends all the way into the outer asteroid belt region. Second is the Grand Tack scenario, where early inward and outward migration of the giant planets implants material from beyond the snow line into the asteroid belt and terrestrial planet region, where it can be accreted by the growing planets. Sufficient water is delivered to the terrestrial planets in both scenarios. While the Grand Tack scenario provides a better fit to most constraints, namely the small mass of Mars, planets may form too fast in the nominal case discussed here. This discrepancy may be reduced as a wider range of initial conditions is explored. Finally, we discuss several more recent models that may have important implications for water delivery to the terrestrial planets.     

多元共渗处理提高高速钢刀具加工钛合金的切削性能

用硬质合金切削钛合金已在许多航空工厂得到广泛应用,但在许多情况下仍然需要用高速钢刀具加工钛合金。采用多元共渗强化处理是一种改善高速钢刀具切削性能的方法。这种技术具有变形小、节能、成本低等特点。W18Cr4V高速钢经S-O-N-C-B五元强化共渗后,金相组织分为表层的化合物层(几μm)及其下的扩散层。扩散层由于渗入了固溶的C和N,并存在弥散的析出强化相,B元素使晶格严重畸变,扩散层的硬。     

轴流风扇旋转失速时的流场测量与分析

针对渐近型旋转失速在一轴流风扇上进行了一些测量工作,包括失速时的激光平均流场测量和热丝动态测量两大类。激光平均流场研究表明失速团主要活动在风扇转子前缘,而转子叶片通道中的流场则主要表现为叶尖间隙流的横向堵塞流动。      

低雷达散射目标的RCS分析与求解

利用Ｃ－Ｒ样条对目标进行建模和求解爬行波短程线,通过ＧＲＥＣＯ与爬行波混合法求解低散射目标后向ＲＣＳ。获得令人满意的结果。     

一种自适应的曲面剖分算法的实现与性能分析

根据曲面求交的基本原理,结合自适应理论,构造出了一种新的剖分算法。这种算法提高了曲面求交的精度和效率,简化了曲面求交算法的复杂性,同时有效地解决了曲面求交中的漏点漏线、自交等各种问题。     

弹性基础上预应力任意四边形中厚板的横向振动

本文研究弹性基础上任意四边形中厚板在预加面内荷载作用下的横向振动问题。通过坐标变换将任意四边形区域映照到一个2×2的单位方板区域。用一组数学上完备的二元多项式作为位形函数,采用pb-2Ritz法求得板的自振频率。并通过算例考察了基础刚度参数、预加面内荷载、边界条件、横向剪切变形等对板振动特性的影响。     

离子推力器放电室参数在线优化实验研究

为了改进氙离子推力器传统优化实验方法,针对环切场放电室设计多维优化调节机构,通过步进电机配合电磁铁实现放电室设计参数的在线实时调节。实验中在线调节放电室长径比、中间磁极靴位置、阴极顶位置等参数,得到了放电室性能影响规律,经迭代实验获取了优化后的放电室构型及磁场参数。优化后的推力器性能曲线"膝点"较正交实验结果更加靠后,在工质利用率80%~90%区间内,束离子电离能耗低于正交实验优化结果。在线优化实验方法极大缩短了离子推力器设计周期,降低研制成本,并弥补了传统方法需多次破空导致参数一致性差的不足。     

基于安全性的航空发动机控制软件测试技术

针对航空发动机控制软件安全性需求的验证问题,提出了基于需求模型与安全性分析结果的软件测试技术。从软件需求的结构化描述和软件安全性分析结果中的失效和危险因果关系链出发,研究并制定了符合航空发动机控制软件特点的测试用例生成方案,给出了程序化的自动实现算法,并描述了在某重点发动机型号的工程实践情况。     

涡扇发动机低压部件通流耦合计算

为了研究各部件匹配与过渡段几何参数对发动机总体性能的影响,针对某涡扇发动机风扇、低压涡轮、内外涵道、掺混段和尾喷管等部件,基于周向平均Navier-St okes通流控制方程,采用时间推进有限体积法进行了部件耦合计算求解,将沿程各部件性能计算参数与试验做了对比,结果表明:在设计状态下发动机沿程各截面计算特征参数与试验值最大误差不超过5.0%,说明该通流耦合计算方法能够快速预估发动机总体性能,完善各部件匹配关系,在发动机总体设计初期有一定工程应用价值。     

Order out of Randomness: Self-Organization Processes in Astrophysics

Self-organization is a property of dissipative nonlinear processes that are governed by a global driving force and a local positive feedback mechanism, which creates regular geometric and/or temporal patterns, and decreases the entropy locally, in contrast to random processes. Here we investigate for the first time a comprehensive number of (17) self-organization processes that operate in planetary physics, solar physics, stellar physics, galactic physics, and cosmology. Self-organizing systems create spontaneous “order out of randomness”, during the evolution from an initially disordered system to an ordered quasi-stationary system, mostly by quasi-periodic limit-cycle dynamics, but also by harmonic (mechanical or gyromagnetic) resonances. The global driving force can be due to gravity, electromagnetic forces, mechanical forces (e.g., rotation or differential rotation), thermal pressure, or acceleration of nonthermal particles, while the positive feedback mechanism is often an instability, such as the magneto-rotational (Balbus-Hawley) instability, the convective (Rayleigh-Bénard) instability, turbulence, vortex attraction, magnetic reconnection, plasma condensation, or a loss-cone instability. Physical models of astrophysical self-organization processes require hydrodynamic, magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD), plasma, or N-body simulations. Analytical formulations of self-organizing systems generally involve coupled differential equations with limit-cycle solutions of the Lotka-Volterra or Hopf-bifurcation type.