GRACE gravity field modeling with an investigation on correlation between nuisance parameters and gravity field coefficients

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) monthly gravity models have been independently produced and published by several research institutions, such as Center for Space Research (CSR), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems (DEOS). According to their processing standards, above institutions use the traditional variational approach except that the DEOS exploits the acceleration approach. The background force models employed are rather similar. The produced gravity field models generally agree with one another in the spatial pattern. However, there are some discrepancies in the gravity signal amplitude between solutions produced by different institutions. In particular, 10%–30% signal amplitude differences in some river basins can be observed. In this paper, we implemented a variant of the traditional variational approach and computed two sets of monthly gravity field solutions using the data from January 2005 to December 2006. The input data are K-band range-rates (KBRR) and kinematic orbits of GRACE satellites. The main difference in the production of our two types of models is how to deal with nuisance parameters. This type of parameters is necessary to absorb low-frequency errors in the data, which are mainly the aliasing and instrument errors. One way is to remove the nuisance parameters before estimating the geopotential coefficients, called NPARB approach in the paper. The other way is to estimate the nuisance parameters and geopotential coefficients simultaneously, called NPESS approach. These two types of solutions mainly differ in geopotential coefficients from degree 2 to 5. This can be explained by the fact that the nuisance parameters and the gravity field coefficients are highly correlated, particularly at low degrees. We compare these solutions with the official and published ones by means of spectral analysis. It is found that our solutions are, in general, consistent with others in the spatial pattern. The water storage variations of the Amazon, Chari and Ganges river basins have also been computed. The variations computed with the NPARB approach are closer to those produced by JPL and DEOS solutions, while the variations produced with the NPESS approach are in good agreement with those produced by the CSR and GFZ solutions. A simulation study is implemented with considering realistic noise and low-frequency error. The two approaches are used to recover the true model. The NPESS solution appears closer to the true one. Therefore we are inclined to estimate the nuisance parameters simultaneously with the geopential coefficients.     

Conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system containing crops and silkworms

This article summarizes a conceptual design of a bioregenerative life support system for permanent lunar base or planetary exploration. The system consists of seven compartments – higher plants cultivation, animal rearing, human habitation, water recovery, waste treatment, atmosphere management, and storages. Fifteen kinds of crops, such as wheat, rice, soybean, lettuce, and mulberry, were selected as main life support contributors to provide the crew with air, water, and vegetable food. Silkworms fed by crop leaves were designated to produce partial animal nutrition for the crew. Various physical-chemical and biological methods were combined to reclaim wastewater and solid waste. Condensate collected from atmosphere was recycled into potable water through granular activated carbon adsorption, iodine sterilization, and trace element supplementation. All grey water was also purified though multifiltration and ultraviolet sterilization. Plant residue, human excrement, silkworm feces, etc. were decomposed into inorganic substances which were finally absorbed by higher plants. Some meat, ingredients, as well as nitrogen fertilizer were prestored and resupplied periodically. Meanwhile, the same amount and chemical composition of organic waste was dumped to maintain the steady state of the system. A nutritional balanced diet was developed by means of the linear programming method. It could provide 2721 kcal of energy, 375.5 g of carbohydrate, 99.47 g of protein, and 91.19 g of fat per capita per day. Silkworm powder covered 12.54% of total animal protein intakes. The balance of material flows between compartments was described by the system of stoichiometric equations. Basic life support requirements for crews including oxygen, food, potable and hygiene water summed up to 29.68 kg per capita per day. The coefficient of system material closure reached 99.40%.     

不确定理论下竞争失效系统的可靠性分析

针对有新研发产品,故障数据较少的复杂系统,提出了不确定环境下自然退化和外部冲击相互独立的竞争失效模型。考虑了系统同时遭受自然退化和外部冲击,连续的自然退化用一个不确定过程刻画,冲击到达的时间间隔和每次冲击对系统造成的损坏量分别用2个不同的不确定变量来刻画。运用不确定理论,分别在极端冲击模型、累积冲击模型、δ冲击模型下,研究了系统的确信可靠度,结果表明:在有新研发的产品、故障数据较少的复杂系统,用不确定理论的方法来描述模型更合适,并通过数值分析显示了模型的有效性。      

确定无约束梁耦合振型的一种途径

无约束梁耦合振动问题属于单柔体动力学问题,确定无约束梁耦合振型对于分析梁的振动性质具有重要意义。首先给出单柔体动力学的拟变分原理,然后分析无约束梁耦合振动的特点,应用单柔体动力学的拟变分原理建立了确定无约束梁耦合振型的一种途径。应用这种途径求解无约束梁耦合振动的奇数次振型和偶数次振型。最后,讨论了有关问题。     

高性能混凝土的外加剂优化研究(英文)

运用不同减水剂和早强剂配制高性能混凝土(High performance concrete,HPC),测定其工作性、标准养护强度和蒸汽养护强度,研究了HPC的外加剂选用原则。结果表明,掺加聚缩酸系高效减水剂有利于HPC获得高工作性和高强度。硫酸钠早强剂将导致工作性不好,强度降低。对于蒸汽养护的HPC制品,应该优先采用硫酸钠含量低的萘系高效减水剂。因此,HPC外加剂的选择应该考虑养护条件的差异。     

航空永磁发电机的火灾保护

介绍一种应用于航空永磁发电机绕组短路保护的脱开机构，并为此脱开机构设计了测试电路，通过对脱开时间的测试，证明了这种脱开机构是有效的，最后对测试误差进行了分析。     

高速再入飞行器的制导与控制系统设计

 针对高速再入飞行器模型的快时变,强耦合,严重非线性的特点,采用反馈线性化方法,设计了自动驾驶仪;同时采用最优制导律设计与理想速度曲线相结合的方法,设计了能同时保证末端制导精度及速度方向、大小的制导律。最后,进行了六自由度仿真,结果表明 :设计的制导律及控制方案是合理、有效的,易于实现。     

超磁致伸缩材料作动器的研制及特性分析

 采用自制的TbDyFe超磁致伸缩材料设计并制作了主动振动控制用超磁致伸缩作动器 ,并对其偏置磁场、激励磁场、静态特性、动态特性和主动控制减振效果进行了测试和分析。研究结果表明 ,作动器工作应变在TbDyFe材料的线性区 ,其总伸缩量可达 70 μm。低频动态特性好 ,谐频影响小。在自适应滤波控制方式下使用该作动器对正弦振动进行主动控制减振 ,减振效果达到 30dB。磁场均匀性对作动器输出特性有明显影响 ,采用Ansys有限元软件精确设计作动器激励磁场 ,可提高超磁致伸缩材料沿轴向磁场均匀性。     

某型发动机对畸变进气响应的流动耦合分析

建立了畸变进气下某型双轴发动机高压压气机，扩压器间流动耦合模型，完善了畸变进气对发动机稳定性影响模拟方法。数值模拟结果表明，考虑耦合影响给出的高压压气机出口静压畸变与其总压畸变不仅相位相反，而且随进口总压畸变强度变化而变化。据此所给出的高、低压压气机畸变响应和发动机推力响应特性也与进气道，发动机相容性理论相符合。     

数控电解加工整体叶轮的关键技术

以平行直纹型面的数控展成电解加工为例，对数控电解加工整体叶轮的主要关键技术，包括成形规律、展成运动、数控编程、阴极设计制造、机库及多轴联动数控系统、典型叶轮加工工艺逐一进行了介绍。