空间站通信和跟踪系统

本文将对空间站通信和跟踪系统的现有要求、结构和设计思想进行全面描述,着重阐述那些需要用新方法才能构成高成本—效率飞行系统的领域。其中包括空对空线路、确定自由飞行器相对位置的差分全球定位系统、多目标雷达、数据包/等时信号处理和激光对接系统。另外,本文还将概述预先研制、试验和分析的重要性。     

Disk-averaged synthetic spectra of Mars

The principal goal of the NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and European Space Agency's Darwin mission concepts is to directly detect and characterize extrasolar terrestrial (Earthsized) planets. This first generation of instruments is expected to provide disk-averaged spectra with modest spectral resolution and signal-to-noise. Here we use a spatially and spectrally resolved model of a Mars-like planet to study the detectability of a planet's surface and atmospheric properties from disk-averaged spectra. We explore the detectability as a function of spectral resolution and wavelength range, for both the proposed visible coronograph (TPFC) and mid-infrared interferometer (TPF-I/Darwin) architectures. At the core of our model is a spectrum-resolving (line-by-line) atmospheric/surface radiative transfer model. This model uses observational data as input to generate a database of spatially resolved synthetic spectra for a range of illumination conditions and viewing geometries. The model was validated against spectra recorded by the Mars Global Surveyor-Thermal Emission Spectrometer and the Mariner 9-Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer. Results presented here include disk-averaged synthetic spectra, light curves, and the spectral variability at visible and mid-infrared wavelengths for Mars as a function of viewing angle, illumination, and season. We also considered the differences in the spectral appearance of an increasingly ice-covered Mars, as a function of spectral resolution, signal-to-noise and integration time for both TPF-C and TPFI/ Darwin.     

Microbial survival: the paleome: a sedimentary genetic record of past microbial communities

Molecular genetic methods were used to analyze the remnants of microbial ecosystems contained within an ancient oceanic microbial habitat that was recovered from a continental drilled core of black shale approximately 100 million years in age. Bacterial ribosomal RNA genes were vertically amplified from the six different depths of a black shale core associated with a phosphate-rich stratum, defined as one of the mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Although the black shale core was recovered from a terrestrial coring effort, the recovered 16S rRNA gene sequences showed affinity to microbial communities previously seen in deep-sea sedimentary environments (i.e., the microbial assemblage was easily recognizable as a marine community). In particular, a number of 16S rRNA gene clones of oceanic sulfate-reducing bacteria within the delta-Proteobacteria predominated at the OAE layer. The recovered bacterial DNA signatures are consistent with the interpretation that the sequences are derived from the past microbial communities buried in either sea-bottom or subseafloor environments during the sedimentation process and, after ceasing growth, preserved until the present.     

Changes in mood status and neurotic levels during a 20-day bed rest

This study evaluated changes of mood status and depressive and neurotic levels in nine young male subjects during a 20-day 6 degrees head-down tilting bed rest and examined whether exercise training modified these changes. Participants were asked to complete psychometrical inventories on before, during, and after the bed rest experiment. Depressive and neurotic levels were enhanced during bed rest period according to the Japanese version of Zung's Self-rating Depression Scale and the Japanese version of the General Health Questionnaire. Mood state "vigor" was impaired and "confusion" was increased during bed rest and recumbent control periods compared to pre-bed rest and ambulatory control periods according to the Japanese version of Profiles of Mood State, whereas the mood "tension-anxiety", "depression-dejection", "anger-hostility" and "fatigue" were relatively stable during experiment. Isometric exercise training did not modify these results. Microgravity, along with confinement to bed and isolation from familiar environments, induced impairment of mental status.     

Emergency medical care on space stations

This Note emphasizes the need, in a space station, of an emergency room, especially equipped with regard to clean air and competent paramedical personnel. The establishment of some degree of artificial gravity is desirable.     

石英的高温谐振损耗和红外特征

本文介绍由高级人造晶体和电解晶体制成的谐振器在150至350℃范围内的串联谐振电阻作为衡量声损耗的尺度所取得的一些结果。观察到的所有生成态晶体谐振器的电阻均随温度呈指数增大。电阻的增大是因为锂或钠杂质迁移的缘故。经过扫掠处理的这种材料未显示出呈指数增大的规律,并且未发现空气扫掠和真空扫掠材料之间有本质上的差别。通过在空气和真空中的两种扫掠样品的红外光谱,观测到强的 Al-OH~-相关带。在短期真空扫掠实验中,发现生成态 OH~-带强度的减小几乎总是发生在扫掠开始之后一瞬间,可是 Al-OH~-带直到扫掠几小时后才形成。在空气扫掠的样品中,由于氢是由大气中的水蒸气供给的,因此,Al-OH~-带总是在一瞬间出现,而生成态晶体的 OH~-带基本保持不变。     

1979年固体火箭技术的成就

固体火箭技术恰当地说,1979年在“巨型”发动机方面取得了新的成就。大型固体火箭发动机的陆续成功推动着技术的进展并提高了当前技术水平。从小尺寸发动机简单地按比例放大的方法是不能满足要求的。由于发动机尺寸和重量大幅度增加,在材料、生产和装卸等方面都引起了一系列问题。发动机采用分段制造和分段运输以及在发射场     

硅片上镀氧化锌薄膜的矩形电极厚度伸缩能陷谐振器的分析

最近已经证明,在硅片的一个界限明确的小区域内,可以刻蚀出高度均匀的薄层并镀上氧化锌优质压电膜和电极,从而构成高频能陷谐振器。最近的分析工作仅适合于纯厚度振动情况。木文分析了硅复合结构中压电薄膜的主要厚度伸缩能陷模。分析结果表明,在晶片上波数不大的范围内,即使硅在晶片平面上呈显著的各向异性,这个平面的色散方程也是各向同性的。从得到的色散关系,可以求出渐近微分方程和相应的边界条件。这个方程描述了振动在厚度伸缩谐振附近的复合晶片表面的模式形状。由于该模是主要厚度伸缩型的,所以就复合平片的基模来说,在电极区通常不产生能陷。然而,如果适当增加电极区外的硅厚度,就能实现电极区内的基模能陷。此外,对硅片上镀氧化锌的情况来说,只要简单地使氧化锌膜比刻蚀掉的硅厚到一定程度,就能在电极区内产生平片基模的能陷。本文将上述渐近微分方程及边界条件应用于矩形电极能陷谐振器稳态振动的分析,并获得了在谐振附近有效的导纳集总参数表示图。本分析适用于各种厚度伸缩模及其伴生的横向泛音。     

自动功率计校准系统

校准微波功率计所需要的仪器已重新设计成可用计算器控制,并且能在0.5至11毫瓦的11个功率电平上提供0.01到18千兆赫的校准。用这些仪器组成的系统(系统II)可以以每点1.5秒的速度确定校准因子,几乎不需要操作者看管。高度对称的电阻功率分配器用来在整个频率范围内给被测器件和校准用标准提供接近于相等的入射功率。利用校准用标准和射频功率电平控制器,使送入功分器的功率保持在所选择的电平上。被测器件的输出用热敏电阻座或镇流电阻座Hogelarsen双电动势(Two-E.M.F)电桥和数字电压表进行测量。从电压表或被测功率计的IEEE488接口母线的输出可用计算器读出。要使辐射热测量座长期稳定,就需要进行温度控制。利用一对电桥和具有电阻功分器的温度控制器可以对两个辐射热测量座进行交替比较。本文介绍一种自动校准微波功率计、辐射热测量座和其他功率传感器的计算机辅助测量系统,提出了用功分器校准辐射热测量座的理论,讨论了该系统的使用方法。