美环球航空公司波音747爆炸事件与燃油挥发问题

去年底,美国国家运输安全局(NTSB)紧急提议,希望FAA对波音747飞机中央机翼油箱(CWT)的温度采取监控措施,以减少燃油/空气混合气体爆炸的可能性。安全局调查员怀疑,燃油挥发气体的点燃导致了去年6月环球航空公司的那次波音747爆炸事件。尽管目前尚不知道到底是哪种火花源触发了爆炸。调查人员并不排除与747燃油系统相     

使用专家系统的航天器指挥和控制

一、前 言 我们处于航天器指挥和控制工业革命的中期。这次革命是由几个因素推动的。航天器指挥和控制系统的传统用户(比如说政府)正尝试着用着尽量少的花费去做更多的事情。过去,政府倾向于从头开始设计和生产系统;今天,他们正在寻找一种先进的解决方法。使航天器指挥和控制发生变化的另一个因素是航天器技术的进步。开发由相对兼价卫星组成星座的几个商业冒险计划正在进行,这些新的商业空间机遇需要更经济的指挥和控制系统以     

小型科学卫星的地面站

为使小型科学卫星计划的总费用保持低水平,必须尽量降低地面站操作和支持费用。不仅要求操作和支持本身低费用,还要求地面站硬件以及与卫星任务有关的软件的开发也如此。Rutherford Appleton实验室(RAL)最近在IRAS和AMPTE国际卫星工程的经验已证明利用国家小型设施可以实现低费用目标。本文介绍了RAL的设施以及研究软/硬系统模块化、可靠性和少量高水平专业操作人员的不同关系而降低成本的各种方法。     

高速切削在模具加工中的应用及发展趋势

叙述了高速切削技术的意义,并介绍了它在电极制造、淬硬材料型腔的直接加工及样件的快速成型中的应用及优点,并简要说明对高速铣床的要求.     

可用于先进复合材料的一种中温固化环氧树脂

本文评价了一种可用于纤维缠绕先进复合材料的,以聚醚三胺进行固化的双酚F 环氧树脂。该树脂系统具有低粘度,长使用期,并能在中温下进行固化。使用这种树脂制造的复合材料,未发现明显的纤维微皱摺或分层现象,这意味着介于纤维和基体之间不同的热膨胀系数已不成为一个问题。该树脂系统浇注体典型力学性能(拉伸、压缩和剪切)已测得。拉伸:最大应力75.8兆帕(Mpa),最大应力下的应变为4.2%,模量为3171兆帕,断裂应力为71兆帕,断裂应变为5.8%。压缩:最大应力为87兆帕,最大应力下的应变为4.7%,模量为3150兆帕。剪切:断裂应力为52.2兆帕,冲击强度为32.6牛顿米/米。     

装有重新设计燃料泵的YLR87-AJ-5火箭发动机涡轮泵瞬态试验及有关推进设备

试验目的已经达到了。两次试验是以抽吸侧脉动情况下作的,另一次试验是在排泄侧脉动情况下作的。重新设计燃料泵瞬态试验结果与产品燃料泵试验结果作了比较。从分析大力神Ⅱ纵向振动有关参数和减少纵向振动角度来看,比较起来,重新设计的泵显示出此产品泵有更显著的优越性。分析采用重新设计燃料泵对总系统的影响时,必须联系氧化剂系统。     

全息照相无损材料检验法

全息照相干涉测试法,是检验材料的极好方法。它可以采用双重曝光技术,或者也可采用“实时”干涉成象技术。在这两种技术的应用中,使一个不受应力的测试件立体象同一个测试件在另加应力情况下的立体象重叠起来。     

Coronal mass ejection (CME) activity of low mass M stars as an important factor for the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets. II. CME-induced ion pick up of Earth-like exoplanets in close-in habitable zones

Atmospheric erosion of CO2-rich Earth-size exoplanets due to coronal mass ejection (CME)-induced ion pick up within close-in habitable zones of active M-type dwarf stars is investigated. Since M stars are active at the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) wave-lengths over long periods of time, we have applied a thermal balance model at various XUV flux input values for simulating the thermospheric heating by photodissociation and ionization processes due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by the CO2 infrared radiation in the 15 microm band. Our study shows that intense XUV radiation of active M stars results in atmospheric expansion and extended exospheres. Using thermospheric neutral and ion densities calculated for various XUV fluxes, we applied a numerical test particle model for simulation of atmospheric ion pick up loss from an extended exosphere arising from its interaction with expected minimum and maximum CME plasma flows. Our results indicate that the Earth-like exoplanets that have no, or weak, magnetic moments may lose tens to hundreds of bars of atmospheric pressure, or even their whole atmospheres due to the CME-induced O ion pick up at orbital distances 相似文献   

Ultrastructural and geochemical characterization of Archean-Paleoproterozoic graphite particles: implications for recognizing traces of life in highly metamorphosed rocks

Abundant graphite particles occur in amphibolite-grade quartzite of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic Wutai Metamorphic Complex in the Wutaishan area of North China. Petrographic thin section observations suggest that the graphite particles occur within and between quartzite clasts and are heterogeneous in origin. Using HF maceration techniques, the Wutai graphite particles were extracted for further investigation. Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis of a population of extracted graphite discs indicated that they experienced a maximum metamorphic temperature of 513 +/- 50 degrees C, which is consistent with the metamorphic grade of the host rock and supports their indigenicity. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the particles bear morphological features (such as hexagonal sheets of graphite crystals) related to metamorphism and crystal growth, but a small fraction of them (graphite discs) are characterized by a circular morphology, distinct marginal concentric folds, surficial wrinkles, and complex nanostructures. Ion microprobe analysis of individual graphite discs showed that their carbon isotope compositions range from -7.4 per thousand to -35.9 per thousand V-PDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite), with an average of -20.3 per thousand, which is comparable to bulk analysis of extracted carbonaceous material. The range of their size, ultrastructures, and isotopic signatures suggests that the morphology and geochemistry of the Wutai graphite discs were overprinted by metamorphism and their ultimate carbon source probably had diverse origins that included abiotic processes. We considered both biotic and abiotic origins of the carbon source and graphite disc morphologies and cannot falsify the possibility that some circular graphite discs characterized by marginal folds and surficial wrinkles represent deflated, compressed, and subsequently graphitized organic-walled vesicles. Together with reports by other authors of acanthomorphic acritarchs from greenschist-amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks, this study suggests that it is worthwhile to examine carbonaceous materials preserved in highly metamorphosed rocks for possible evidence of ancient life.     

An examination of the carbon isotope effects associated with amino acid biosynthesis

Stable carbon isotope ratios (delta(13)C) were determined for alanine, proline, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartate (aspartic acid and asparagine), glutamate (glutamic acid and glutamine), lysine, serine, glycine, and threonine from metabolically diverse microorganisms. The microorganisms examined included fermenting bacteria, organotrophic, chemolithotrophic, phototrophic, methylotrophic, methanogenic, acetogenic, acetotrophic, and naturally occurring cryptoendolithic communities from the Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Here we demonstrated that reactions involved in amino acid biosynthesis can be used to distinguish amino acids formed by life from those formed by nonbiological processes. The unique patterns of delta(13)C imprinted by life on amino acids produced a biological bias. We also showed that, by applying discriminant function analysis to the delta(13)C value of a pool of amino acids formed by biological activity, it was possible to identify key aspects of intermediary carbon metabolism in the microbial world. In fact, microorganisms examined in this study could be placed within one of three metabolic groups: (1) heterotrophs that grow by oxidizing compounds containing three or more carbon-to-carbon bonds (fermenters and organotrophs), (2) autotrophs that grow by taking up carbon dioxide (chemolitotrophs and phototrophs), and (3) acetoclastic microbes that grow by assimilation of formaldehyde or acetate (methylotrophs, methanogens, acetogens, and acetotrophs). Furthermore, we demonstrated that cryptoendolithic communities from Antarctica grouped most closely with the autotrophs, which indicates that the dominant metabolic pathways in these communities are likely those utilized for CO(2 )fixation. We propose that this technique can be used to determine the dominant metabolic types in a community and reveal the overall flow of carbon in a complex ecosystem.