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851.
JAMES D. Gilmour 《Space Science Reviews》2000,92(1-2):123-132
The tendency of iodine to be mobilised during secondary processing is reflected both in the presence of 129XeXS in secondary minerals and in the bulk 129XeXS/I ratios in meteorites. Comparison of absolute ages derived through calibration of chronometers based on 129Xe, 53Mn and 26Al against the Pb-Pb system yields a plausible timescale for the early solar system. In this system, the earliest chondrule
ages are most readily interpreted as representing formation after the beginning of parent body processing.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
852.
A breadboard microwave pointing device (ElectroTransit) has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The device and accompanying RF sources comprise a portable, battery-operated, azimuth angle measuring system with application in surveying, mapping, and geodesy, and for conducting basic research in tropospheric propagation and turbulence studies. The angle measuring sensor combines a Ka-band interferometer with an optical theodolite to provide two modes of pointing. Azimuth angle can be read directly to 0.1 arc-second. Preliminary tests on the interferometer show a pointing repeatability on the order of two arc-seconds, three sigma, when tropospheric turbulence is minimum and a mean absolute error of less than 10 arc-seconds, three sigma, compared with first-order optical standards. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and testing of this extremely precise instrumentation. 相似文献
853.
T.C. Slaba G.D. Qualls M.S. Clowdsley S.R. Blattnig S.A. Walker L.C. Simonsen 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
To estimate astronaut health risk due to space radiation, one must have the ability to calculate various exposure-related quantities that are averaged over specific organs and tissue types. Such calculations require computational models of the ambient space radiation environment, particle transport, nuclear and atomic physics, and the human body. While significant efforts have been made to verify, validate, and quantify the uncertainties associated with many of these models and tools, relatively little work has focused on the uncertainties associated with the representation and utilization of the human phantoms. In this study, we first examine the anatomical properties of the Computerized Anatomical Man (CAM), Computerized Anatomical Female (CAF), Male Adult voXel (MAX), and Female Adult voXel (FAX) models by comparing the masses of various model tissues used to calculate effective dose to the reference values specified by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The MAX and FAX tissue masses are found to be in good agreement with the reference data, while major discrepancies are found between the CAM and CAF tissue masses and the reference data for almost all of the effective dose tissues. We next examine the distribution of target points used with the deterministic transport code HZETRN (High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport) to compute mass averaged exposure quantities. A numerical algorithm is presented and used to generate multiple point distributions of varying fidelity for many of the effective dose tissues identified in CAM, CAF, MAX, and FAX. The point distributions are used to compute mass averaged dose equivalent values under both a galactic cosmic ray (GCR) and solar particle event (SPE) environment impinging isotropically on three spherical aluminum shells with areal densities of 0.4 g/cm2, 2.0 g/cm2, and 10.0 g/cm2. The dose equivalent values are examined to identify a recommended set of target points for each of the tissues and to further assess the differences between CAM, CAF, MAX, and FAX. It is concluded that the previously published CAM and CAF point distributions were significantly under-sampled and that the set of point distributions presented here should be adequate for future studies involving CAM, CAF, MAX, or FAX. It is also found that the errors associated with the mass and location of certain tissues in CAM and CAF have a significant impact on the mass averaged dose equivalent values, and it is concluded that MAX and FAX are more accurate than CAM and CAF for space radiation analyses. 相似文献
854.
K. Gustafsson L. Sihver D. Mancusi T. Sato G. Reitz T. Berger 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
The radiation environment in space is very different from the one encountered on Earth. In addition to the sparsely ionizing radiation, there are particles of different Z with energies ranging from keV up to hundreds of GeV which can cause severe damage to both electronics and humans. It is therefore important to understand the interactions of these highly ionizing particles with different materials such as the hull of space vehicles, human organs and electronics. We have used the Particle and Heavy-Ion Transport code System (PHITS), which is a three-dimensional Monte Carlo code able to calculate interactions and transport of particles and heavy ions with energies up to 100 GeV/nucleon in most matter. PHITS is developed and maintained by a collaboration between RIST (Research Organization for Information Science & Technology), JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization), Japan and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. For the purpose of examining the applicability of PHITS to the shielding design we have simulated the ESA facility Matroshka (MTR) designed and lead by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Preliminary results are presented and discussed in this paper. 相似文献
855.
J.R. Fernandez C.J. Mertens D. Bilitza X. Xu J.M. Russell III M.G. Mlynczak 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
We present a new technique for improving ionospheric models of nighttime E-region electron densities under geomagnetic storm conditions using TIMED/SABER measurements of broadband 4.3 μm limb radiance. The response of E-region electron densities to geomagnetic activity is characterized by SABER-derived NO+(v) 4.3 μm Volume Emission Rates (VER). A storm-time E-region electron density correction factor is defined as the ratio of storm-enhanced NO+(v) VER to a quiet-time climatological average NO+(v) VER, which will be fit to a geomagnetic activity index in a future work. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of our technique in two ways. One, we compare storm-to-quiet ratios of SABER-derived NO+(v) VER with storm-to-quiet ratios of electron densities measured by Incoherent Scatter Radar. Two, we demonstrate that NO+(v) VER can be parameterized by widely available geomagnetic activity indices. The storm-time correction derived from NO+(v) VER is applicable at high-latitudes. 相似文献
856.
I. G. Mitrofanov A. Bartels Y. I. Bobrovnitsky W. Boynton G. Chin H. Enos L. Evans S. Floyd J. Garvin D. V. Golovin A. S. Grebennikov K. Harshman L. L. Kazakov J. Keller A. A. Konovalov A. S. Kozyrev A. R. Krylov M. L. Litvak A. V. Malakhov T. McClanahan G. M. Milikh M. I. Mokrousov S. Ponomareva R. Z. Sagdeev A. B. Sanin V. V. Shevchenko V. N. Shvetsov R. Starr G. N. Timoshenko T. M. Tomilina V. I. Tretyakov J. Trombka V. S. Troshin V. N. Uvarov A. B. Varennikov A. A. Vostrukhin 《Space Science Reviews》2010,150(1-4):183-207
The design of the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) experiment is presented, which was optimized to address several of the primary measurement requirements of NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): high spatial resolution hydrogen mapping of the Moon’s upper-most surface, identification of putative deposits of appreciable near-surface water ice in the Moon’s polar cold traps, and characterization of the human-relevant space radiation environment in lunar orbit. A comprehensive program of LEND instrument physical calibrations is discussed and the baseline scenario of LEND observations from the primary LRO lunar orbit is presented. LEND data products will be useful for determining the next stages of the emerging global lunar exploration program, and they will facilitate the study of the physics of hydrogen implantation and diffusion in the regolith, test the presence of water ice deposits in lunar cold polar traps, and investigate the role of neutrons within the radiation environment of the shallow lunar surface. 相似文献
857.
G.D. Aburjania K.Z. Chargazia O.A. Kharshiladze 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
The linear mechanism of generation, intensification and further nonlinear dynamics of internal gravity waves (IGW) in stably stratified dissipative ionosphere with non-uniform zonal wind (shear flow) is studied. In case of the shear flows the operators of linear problem are non-selfadjoint, and the corresponding Eigen functions – nonorthogonal. Thus, canonical – modal approach is of less use studying such motions. Non-modal mathematical analysis becomes more adequate for such problems. On the basis of non-modal approach, the equations of dynamics and the energy transfer of IGW disturbances in the ionosphere with a shear flow is obtained. Exact analytical solutions of the linear as well as the nonlinear dynamic equations of the problem are built. The increment of shear instability of IGW is defined. It is revealed that the transient amplification of IGW disturbances due time does not flow exponentially, but in algebraic – power law manner. The effectiveness of the linear amplification mechanism of IGW at interaction with non-uniform zonal wind is analyzed. It is shown that at initial linear stage of evolution IGW effectively temporarily draws energy from the shear flow significantly increasing (by an order of magnitude) own amplitude and energy. With amplitude growth the nonlinear mechanism turns on and the process ends with self-organization of nonlinear solitary, strongly localized IGW vortex structures (the monopole vortex, the transverse vortex chain or the longitudinal vortex street). Accumulation of these vortices in the ionospheric medium can create the strongly turbulent state. 相似文献
858.
R. M. Millan M. P. McCarthy J. G. Sample D. M. Smith L. D. Thompson D. G. McGaw L. A. Woodger J. G. Hewitt M. D. Comess K. B. Yando A. X. Liang B. A. Anderson N. R. Knezek W. Z. Rexroad J. M. Scheiman G. S. Bowers A. J. Halford A. B. Collier M. A. Clilverd R. P. Lin M. K. Hudson 《Space Science Reviews》2013,179(1-4):503-530
BARREL is a multiple-balloon investigation designed to study electron losses from Earth’s Radiation Belts. Selected as a NASA Living with a Star Mission of Opportunity, BARREL augments the Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission by providing measurements of relativistic electron precipitation with a pair of Antarctic balloon campaigns that will be conducted during the Austral summers (January-February) of 2013 and 2014. During each campaign, a total of 20 small (~20 kg) stratospheric balloons will be successively launched to maintain an array of ~5 payloads spread across ~6 hours of magnetic local time in the region that magnetically maps to the radiation belts. Each balloon carries an X-ray spectrometer to measure the bremsstrahlung X-rays produced by precipitating relativistic electrons as they collide with neutrals in the atmosphere, and a DC magnetometer to measure ULF-timescale variations of the magnetic field. BARREL will provide the first balloon measurements of relativistic electron precipitation while comprehensive in situ measurements of both plasma waves and energetic particles are available, and will characterize the spatial scale of precipitation at relativistic energies. All data and analysis software will be made freely available to the scientific community. 相似文献
859.
Five Years of Stereo Magnetospheric Imaging by TWINS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Two Wide-angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometers (TWINS) is the first stereoscopic magnetospheric imager. TWINS is a NASA Explorer Mission of Opportunity performing simultaneous energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging from two widely-separated Molniya orbits on two different spacecraft, and providing nearly continuous coverage of magnetospheric ENA emissions. The ENA imagers observe energetic neutrals produced from global ion populations, over a broad energy range (1–100 keV/u) with high angular (4°×4°) and time (about 1-minute) resolution. TWINS distinguishes hydrogen ENAs from oxygen ENAs. Each TWINS spacecraft also carries a Lyman-α geocoronal imager to monitor the cold exospheric hydrogen atoms that produce ENAs from ions via charge exchange. Complementing the imagers are detectors that measure the local charged particle environment around the spacecraft. During its first five years of science operations, TWINS has discovered new global properties of geospace plasmas and neutrals, fostered understanding of causal relationships, confirmed theories and predictions based on in situ data, and yielded key insights needed to improve geospace models. Analysis and modeling of TWINS data have: (1) obtained continuous (main phase through recovery) global ion spectra, (2) revealed a previously unknown local-time dependence of global pitch angle, (3) developed quantitative determination of ion fluxes from low altitude ENAs (4) determined dynamic connections between local pitch angle and global ion precipitation, (5) confirmed local-time dependence of precipitating ion temperature, (6) imaged global dynamic heating of the magnetosphere, (7) explained why the oxygen ring current survives longer into recovery than hydrogen, and (8) revealed new global exospheric density features and their influence upon ring current decay rates. Over the next several years of the solar cycle, TWINS observations of three-dimensional (3D) global ion dynamics, composition, origins and destinies are crucial to capture the system-level view of geospace over the full range of geomagnetic and solar activity conditions. 相似文献
860.
V. S. Moiseev D. S. Gushchina A. N. Kozar G. E. Borzov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2009,52(2):221-227
Using formalism of the queueing theory, we propose two-objective models for optimizing the number of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) designed for remote monitoring (reconnaissance) of certain regions. A model that takes into account the UAV failure in performing a flight mission is considered. The numerical method and examples of solving problems stated are presented. 相似文献