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81.
T. J. Turner I. M. George R. F. Mushotzky 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):387-390
We present six ROSAT PSPC observations of Seyfert 1 galaxies chosen to have low Galactic line-of-sight absorption (NH 1020 cm−2). As expected, it is found that all of these sources possess significantly steeper spectra below 1 keV, than that observed at higher X-ray energies. In addition we find evidence for soft X-ray spectral features, which are best parameterized as line emission at 0.63 keV in NGC7469 and 0.75 keV in ESO198-G24. We examine these results in the light of the accuracy of the PSPC spectral calibration. 相似文献
82.
83.
Valadis Katsikas George Exarhos Xenophon Moussas 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
In this paper we study the shape, extend and time variations of the solar wind transition surfaces using the Lima and Priest (1993) hydrodynamic model adequately adapted for the case of the solar wind flow. The transition surfaces, namely the Slow (Sonic), the Alfvén, and the Fast Magnetosonic surface, are important boundaries around the Sun and play a crucial role in the development of the solar wind and the structure of the inner heliosphere. We determine the shape and dimension of these surfaces as a function of heliographic latitude using measurements from Ulysses spacecraft, and we also study their temporal variation using data from spacecrafts at 1 AU (OMNI database). Furthermore, we establish their dependence with the solar activity, demonstrating their shape and location for the last two solar cycles. From this we noticed that the temporal variation of all transition surfaces follows the 11-year solar cycle. Finally, from the OMNI database, we have studied the temporal variation over the past 40 years of the plasma β parameter, the kinetic to magnetic and the kinetic to thermal energy ratios, at a distance of 1 AU from the Sun. 相似文献
84.
The solar wind charge state and elemental compositions have been measured with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometers
(SWICS) on Ulysses and ACE for a combined period of about 25 years. This most extensive data set includes all varieties of
solar wind flows and extends over more than one solar cycle. With SWICS the abundances of all charge states of He, C, N, O,
Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar and Fe can be reliably determined (when averaged over sufficiently long time periods) under any solar wind
flow conditions. Here we report on results of our detailed analysis of the elemental composition and ionization states of
the most unbiased solar wind from the polar coronal holes during solar minimum in 1994–1996, which includes new values for
the abundance S, Ca and Ar and a more accurate determination of the 20Ne abundance. We find that in the solar minimum polar coronal hole solar wind the average freezing-in temperature is ∼1.1×106 K, increasing slightly with the mass of the ion. Using an extrapolation method we derive photospheric abundances from solar
wind composition measurements. We suggest that our solar-wind-derived values should be used for the photospheric ratios of
Ne/Fe=1.26±0.28 and Ar/Fe=0.030±0.007. 相似文献
85.
Johannes Geiss is a world leader and foremost expert on measurements and interpretation of the composition of matter that
reveals the history, present state, and future of astronomical objects. With his Swiss team he was first to measure the composition
of the noble gases in the solar wind when in the late 1960s he flew the brilliant solar wind collecting foil experiments on
the five Apollo missions to the moon. Always at the forefront of the art of composition measurements, he with his colleagues
determined the isotopic and elemental composition of the solar wind using instruments characterized by innovative design that
have provided the most comprehensive record of the solar wind composition under all solar wind conditions at all helio-latitudes.
He discovered heavy interstellar pickup ions, from which the composition of the neutral gas of the Local Interstellar Cloud
is determined, and the “Inner Source” of pickup ions. Johannes Geiss played a key role both in the in-situ measurements and
modeling of molecular ions in comets, and the interpretation of these data. He and co-workers measured the composition of
plasmas in the magnetospheres of Earth and Jupiter. Here we highlight Johannes Geiss’ many discoveries and seminal contributions
to our knowledge of the composition of matter of the Sun, solar wind, interstellar gas, early universe, comets and magnetospheres. 相似文献
86.
The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on the New Horizons Mission
Ralph L. McNutt Jr. Stefano A. Livi Reid S. Gurnee Matthew E. Hill Kim A. Cooper G. Bruce Andrews Edwin P. Keath Stamatios M. Krimigis Donald G. Mitchell Barry Tossman Fran Bagenal John D. Boldt Walter Bradley William S. Devereux George C. Ho Stephen E. Jaskulek Thomas W. LeFevere Horace Malcom Geoffrey A. Marcus John R. Hayes G. Ty Moore Nikolaos P. Paschalidis Mark E. Perry Bruce D. Williams Paul Wilson IV Lawrence E. Brown Martha B. Kusterer Jon D. Vandegriff 《Space Science Reviews》2009,145(3-4):381-381
87.
Many species of pickup ions, both of interstellar origin and from an inner, distributed source have been discovered using
data from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on Ulysses. Velocity distribution functions of these ions were
measured for the first time over heliocentric distances between 1.35 and 5.4 AU, both at high and low latitudes, and in the
disturbed slow solar wind as well as the steady fast wind of the polar coronal holes. This has given us the first glance at
plasma properties of suprathermal ions in various solar wind flows, and is enabling us to study the chemical and, in the case
of He, the isotopic composition of the local interstellar cloud. Among the new findings are (a) the surprisingly weak pitch-angle
scattering of low rigidity, suprathermal ions leading to strongly anisotropic velocity distributions in radial magnetic fields,
(b) the efficient injection and consequent acceleration of pickup ions, especially He+ and H+, in the turbulent solar wind,
and (c) the discovery of a new extended source releasing carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and possibly other atoms and molecules in
the inner solar system. Pickup ion measurements are now used to study the characteristics of the local interstellar cloud
(LIC) and, in particular, to determine accurately the abundance of atomic H, He, N, O, and Ne, the isotopes of He and Ne,
as well as the ionization fractions of H and He in the LIC. Pickup ion observations allow us to infer the location of the
termination shock and, in combination with measurements of anomalous cosmic rays, to investigate termination shock acceleration
mechanisms.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
88.
Land information from remote sensing satellites contributes substantially to the quality of decision making in development activities. However, participation in space-related activities by developing countries has historically been low in part due to the high costs and advanced technology inputs required. The paper discusses several technological and socio-political trends which now offer increasingly affordable opportunities for developing countries to increase their level of participation in activities related to satellite remote sensing of earth resources. Benefiting from these opportunities requires appropriate encouragement and support from national governments. 相似文献
89.
George T.Schmidt 《中国航空学报》2015,28(1):1-10
Position, velocity, and timing(PVT) signals from the Global Positioning System(GPS)are used throughout the world but the availability and reliability of these signals in all environments has become a subject of concern for both civilian and military applications. This presentation summarizes recent advances in navigation sensor technology, including GPS, inertial, and other navigation aids that address these concerns. Also addressed are developments in sensor integration technology with several examples described, including the Bluefin-21 system mechanization. 相似文献
90.
Ioannis Haranas Ioannis Gkigkitzis George D. Zouganelis 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2012
It is possible that the nucleolous inside the cell plays the role of a “gravity receptor”. Furthermore, cells up to 10 μm in diameter can demonstrate some effect due to the redistribution of mitochondria or nucleolous. Effects of gravity should be present in various cell systems where larger objects such as the ribosomes move from cell to cell. In this paper we study the effects of gravity on cells. In particular, we examine the resulting intracellular molecular distribution due to Brownian motion and the ordered distribution of molecules under the action of gravity, where n0 is the number per unit volume at certain level, and n is the number per unit volume above that level. This is an experiment that takes place at a certain orbital altitude in a spacecraft in orbit around Earth, where the acceleration due to the central field is corrected for the oblateness and also the rotation of the Earth. We found that equatorial circular and elliptical orbits have the highest n/n0 ratios. This experiment takes place in circular and elliptical orbits, with eccentricities e = 0, 0.1 and involves a bacterial cell at an orbital altitude of 300 km. We found that n/n0 = 1.00299 and 1.0037 respectively, which is still a 0.6–0.7 % higher than n/n0 = 0.0996685 calculated on the surface of the Earth. Examining mitochondria in similar orbital experiments we found that equatorial orbits result to higher n/n0 ratios. In particular, we found that n/n0 = 8.38119, where an elliptical orbit of eccentricity e = 0.1 results to n/n0 = 13.8525. Both are high above 100%, signifying the importance of Brownian motion over gravity. Our results are of interest to biomedical applications. Molecular concentrations are important for various processes such as the embryogenesis, positional homeostasis and its relation to cell energy expenditure, cell torque, cell deformation, and more. These results indicate that statistical molecular distributions play an important role for the recognition of a particular environment by the cell, in biological space experiment to come. 相似文献