横向不稳定性的试飞评估

在研发F／A-18E／F“超级大黄蜂”的一次飞行试验过程中，当进行跨音速机动时飞机遇到了非指令滚转运动。被称为“翼下冲”的急剧大幅度横向不稳定现象削弱了飞行员在此飞行条件下有效执行空一空跟踪任务的能力。对前缘襟翼的一系列修改和在机翼折叠区域增加透气量解决了该问题。然而，由于缺乏与计算流体力学、风洞和试飞分析有关的确认品质因数，获得该答案是缓慢的。目前已经开发了一种利用试飞数据评估横向不稳定性的方法。横向不稳定性评估包括定性和定量两个方面的评价。飞行员进行定性评价，而定量评价是基于对滚转速度、滚转加速度、横向驾驶杆位置和倾斜角的分析。这项技术提供一种根据飞行试验可靠评估横向不稳定性程度的途径。在飞行员定性评价和定量的试飞数据评估之间取得了极好的相关性。     

美俄作战飞机的改进现状

主要介绍了美国与俄罗斯现役军用飞机的改进情况。     

搅拌摩擦焊的缺陷类型及其检测技术

简要介绍了搅拌摩擦焊的工艺特点及其在航空结构中的应用;分析了搅拌摩擦焊的缺陷类型;根据新型制造工艺所提出的新的检测需求,介绍了可用于搅拌摩擦焊的检测方法。     

Spherule beds 3.47-3.24 billion years old in the Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa: a record of large meteorite impacts and their influence on early crustal and biological evolution

Four layers, S1-S4, containing sand-sized spherical particles formed as a result of large meteorite impacts, occur in 3.47-3.24 Ga rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ir levels in S3 and S4 locally equal or exceed chondritic values but in other sections are at or only slightly above background. Most spherules are inferred to have formed by condensation of impact-produced rock vapor clouds, although some may represent ballistically ejected liquid droplets. Extreme Ir abundances and heterogeneity may reflect element fractionation during spherule formation, hydraulic fractionation during deposition, and/or diagenetic and metasomatic processes. Deposition of S1, S2, and S3 was widely influenced by waves and/or currents interpreted to represent impact-generated tsunamis, and S1 and S2 show multiple graded layers indicating the passage of two or more wave trains. These tsunamis may have promoted mixing within a globally stratified ocean, enriching surface waters in nutrients for biological communities. S2 and S3 mark the transition from the 300-million-year-long Onverwacht stage of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic volcanism to the late orogenic stage of greenstone belt evolution, suggesting that regional and possibly global tectonic reorganization resulted from these large impacts. These beds provide the oldest known direct record of terrestrial impacts and an opportunity to explore their influence on early life, crust, ocean, and atmosphere. The apparent presence of impact clusters at 3.26-3.24 Ga and approximately 2.65-2.5 Ga suggests either spikes in impact rates during the Archean or that the entire Archean was characterized by terrestrial impact rates above those currently estimated from the lunar cratering record.     

The impact crater as a habitat: effects of impact processing of target materials

Impact structures are a rare habitat on Earth. However, where they do occur they can potentially have an important influence on the local ecology. Some of the types of habitat created in the immediate post-impact environment are not specific to the impact phenomenon, such as hydrothermal systems and crater lakes that can be found, for instance, in post-volcanic environments, albeit with different thermal characteristics than those associated with impact. However, some of the habitats created are specifically linked to processes of impact processing. Two examples of how impact processing of target materials has created novel habitats that improve the opportunities for colonization are found in the Haughton impact structure in the Canadian High Arctic. Impact-shocked rocks have become a habitat for endolithic microorganisms, and large, impact-shattered blocks of rock are used as resting sites by avifauna. However, some materials produced by an impact, such as melt sheet rocks, can make craters more biologically depauperate than the area surrounding them. Although there are no recent craters with which to study immediate post-impact colonization, these data yield insights into generalized mechanisms of how impact processing can influence post-impact succession. Because impact events are one of a number of processes that can bring localized destruction to ecosystems, understanding the manner in which impact structures are recolonized is of ecological interest. Impact craters are a universal phenomenon on solid planetary surfaces, and so they are of potential biological relevance on other planetary surfaces, particularly Mars.     

Interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis: an experimental demonstration of a selective dispersal filter in planetary island biogeography

We launched a cryptoendolithic habitat, made of a gneissic impactite inoculated with Chroococcidiopsis sp., into Earth orbit. After orbiting the Earth for 16 days, the rock entered the Earth's atmosphere and was recovered in Kazakhstan. The heat of entry ablated and heated the rock to a temperature well above the upper temperature limit for life to below the depth at which light levels are insufficient for photosynthetic organisms ( approximately 5 mm), thus killing all of its photosynthetic inhabitants. This experiment shows that atmospheric transit acts as a strong biogeographical dispersal filter to the interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis. Following atmospheric entry we found that a transparent, glassy fusion crust had formed on the outside of the rock. Re-inoculated Chroococcidiopsis grew preferentially under the fusion crust in the relatively unaltered gneiss beneath. Organisms under the fusion grew approximately twice as fast as the organisms on the control rock. Thus, the biologically destructive effects of atmospheric transit can generate entirely novel and improved endolithic habitats for organisms on the destination planetary body that survive the dispersal filter. The experiment advances our understanding of how island biogeography works on the interplanetary scale.     

多段翼型增升小翼纳维-斯托克斯方程分析

装有扁平板增升小翼的多段翼型流场数值分析已经完成。研究的小翼装在接近主翼段后缘，高度范围是0．25％～1．25％参考翼型弦长。二维数值模拟在嵌入式结构拓扑网格上采用不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯（N-S）方程求解分析。新的网格细化提高了网格边界重叠部位的计算精度。在固定雷诺数条件下，对装有窄缝襟翼的二段翼型研究了各种小翼的影响。计算和实验结果都表明，相对未装小翼的基本翼型，主翼段凹陷处装有小翼提高了最大升力和升阻比。计算得出的流线分布揭示，正是小翼的存在引起了襟翼流场分离的减弱。也研究了三段翼型在一个雷诺数范围内的流场情况。对优化的襟翼来说，计算和实验所得的雷诺数影响结果一致。当襟翼从最有利的位置移动时，数值分析表明，小翼有助于翼型重新优化，大概能起到所优化襟翼效益的1％量级的作用。     

尾涡中涡强与轴向速度的相互关系

大型飞机的翼尖涡会对飞入它尾流中的其它飞机造成巨大的危害。文章希望找到尾涡核中的轴向速度超过自由流速度的条件，从而深入了解这种尾涡的特性。在风洞实验中，我们采用的机翼模型的型号是NACA0015，它的半翼展展弦比为0．80。我们利用三传感器热线探针来测量尾涡核中的轴向速度，并将之与测得的涡的环量进行了比较，结果发现，轴向速度与一个无量纲环量参数呈线性关系。当这一环量参数较小时，轴向速度小于自由流速度，而当环量增大时，轴向速度也将逐渐增大，甚至能够超出自由流速度70％。我们还发现，轴向速度的大小对实验中所采用的两种端帽结构——平型和圆型十分敏感。另外，如果利用涡的半径来修正这一环量参数，那么两种端帽结构下的数据将会重合为一条直线。     

综合导航—地形跟踪／地形回避系统

文章有助于解决地形跟踪飞行怎样更可靠,并且最理想,即：相对于地形,实际飞行更平稳,文中所讨论的系统的主要信息源是飞机上的地形数据库,飞越区域的高度值连贯地存储其中。对系统进行了描述,包括监视功能,开发了造于现代航空电子系统结构的组合导航,地形跟踪／形回避飞行控制系统的硬件和软件。