A new method of determining the spectral index for protons in the energy range about 10<Superscript>13</Superscript> eV

We consider a relationship between the difference in spectral indices of the spectra of single hadrons and all hadrons (_sngl – _h) and the difference in the indices of the spectra of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) protons and nuclei. It is demonstrated that at the mountain level the ratio (_p – _Z)/(_sngl – _h) is always larger than unity, if (_sngl – _h) > 0.1. From the experimental value _sngl – _h = 0.4 ± 0.05 we derive that, in the vicinity of E = 10 TeV, _p – _Z 0.49 ± 0.06 , i.e., _p 3.09 ± 0.06.__________Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005, pp. 83–87.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Grigorov, Tolstaya.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

一种无源北斗/惯导闭环组合算法

提出了一种北斗卫星定位系统和惯性导航系统的组合导航无源定位算法。以伪距率为观测量,基于高稳定度用户时钟,结合北斗系统的热备份星,在三星共视下用两级卡尔曼滤波器对惯导进行闭环校正。给出了组合导航系统的构成,以及第一、二级滤波的数学模型。该法能根据收星情况在闭环与开环方式间稳定转换。仿真结果表明,此算法可提高丢星时组合导航系统的滤波定位精度,有效校正惯导的姿态误差角,并以较高的精度估计用户的三维速度。     

再入弹道解析算法在新型制导律上的应用研究

提出了一种再入飞行器新型预测制导方法。在弹道始端,所有方向的总升力组成一个垂直于再入体速度的平面,称该平面上任意方向的速度增量引起预测落点的变化矢量为虚位移。通过对最优虚位移的搜索,获得总升力的最佳方向。然后,针对该制导方法需要预测弹道落点这一情况,给出了再入弹道的解析解。最后,将具有模型简化误差的解析弹道算法应用到该制导律中,仿真发现:经制导控制后最终落点误差从40公里减小到10米。结果表明:在解析法再入弹道存在模型简化误差的情况下,该制导律仍然可以执行。     

Choroidal responses in microgravity. (SLS-1, SLS-2 and hindlimb-suspension experiments)

Fluid and electrolyte shifts occuring during human spaceflight have been reported and investigated at the level of blood, cardio-vascular and renal responses. Very few data were available concerning the cerebral fluid and electrolyte adaptation to microgravity, even in animal models. It is the reason why we developed several studies focused on the effects of spaceflight (SLS-1 and SLS-2 programs, carried on NASA STS 40 and 56 missions, which were 9- and 14-day flights, respectively), on structural and functional features of choroid plexuses, organs which secrete 70–90 % of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and which are involved in brain homeostasis. Rats flown aboard space shuttles were sacrificed either in space (SLS-2 experiment, on flight day 13) or 4–8 hours after landing (SLS-1 and SLS-2 experiments). Quantitative autoradiography performed by microdensitometry and image analysis, showed that lateral and third ventricle choroid plexuses from rats flown for SLS-1 experiment demonstrated an increased number (about x 2) of binding sites to natriuretic peptides (which are known to be involved in mechanisms regulating CSF production). Using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, we studied the cellular response of choroid plexuses, which produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in brain lateral, third and fourth ventricles. We demonstrated that spaceflight (SLS-2 experiment, inflight samples) induces changes in the choroidal cell structure (apical microvilli, kinocilia organization, vesicle accumulation) and protein distribution or expression (carbonic anhydrase II, water channels,…). These observations suggested a loss of choroidal cell polarity and a decrease in CSF secretion. Hindlimb-suspended rats displayed similar choroidal changes. All together, these results support the hypothesis of a modified CSF production in rats during long-term (9, 13 or 14 days) adaptations to microgravity.     

合理构建第二课堂全面提高学员综合素质

第二课堂活动的开展对学员创新精神、实践能力的培养和综合素质的提高起着不可或缺的重要作用,本文从论述第二课堂活动在高等学校人才培养过程中的定位入手,紧密结合武警学院人才培养目标要求,对第二课堂活动的内容、运行机制等进行了阐述.     

拉格朗日点附近编队的离散控制方法

由于拉格朗日点的独特空间位置，它附近的编队研究对深空探测有着很重要的意义。讨论了日地系统拉格朗日点附近编队的脉冲控制方法，给出了一种简单的实现编队的迭代算法。基于该算法，讨论了两种不同控制策略。根据编队任务的特点，定义了几个与编队误差和能量消耗相关的性能指标。通过仿真圆形编队算例，对两种策略进行了比较分析。结果表明策略二无论在消耗能量方面还是在误差控制方面都优于策略一。对于策略二，当脉冲间隔一定时，能量消耗随编队半径的增加线性增加。当编队半径一定时，误差随脉冲间隔的减小呈指数减小，而能量消耗随脉冲的变化很小。     

基于改进的Toeplitz化处理的相干源非均匀线阵自适应波束形成算法

针对相干源非均匀线阵的波束形成,提出了Toeplitz化的基于特征空间的线性约束最小方差自适应波束形成算法(TELCMV)。该算法利用阵列接收信号的相关性进行Toeplitz化处理、把期望信号方向向量向信号子空间投影、进行线性约束最小方差波束形成来得到TELCMV权向量;TELCMV权向量没有包含噪声子空间的分量,而期望信号和干扰信号的输出不变,所以提高了输出信干噪比(SINR),收敛速度也快,在低信噪比和小快拍数下能取得较好的波束形成性能。仿真试验结果证明了TELCMV算法的优越性能。     

Tether Satellite System Collision Study

A study was performed to determine the probability of collision with resident space objects and untrackable debris for the tether component of the Tethered Satellite System (TSS) after it broke away from the Space Shuttle orbiter (mission STS-75) in February 1996. Both an analytical and a numerical approach were used in this study, and the results obtained with these two methods were found to be in good agreement. These results show that the deployed tether is expected to have been impacted by several particles 0.1mm or larger in size. The probability of collision with objects 10cm in size or larger was on the order of 10^–3 per month. Since the severed tether reentered within one month after deployment, the collision hazard to other objects while in orbit was small. The analytical methods used in this study are useful for tether collision evaluations in general.     

International cooperation in assuring continuity of environmental satellite data

In the 25 years since the launch of the first weather satellite, meteorological observations from space have become an essential part of weather forecasting and global environmental monitoring. Beginning in the 1970s, constrained national budgets and the need for a coordinated approach to global satellite observing have caused satellite operators to pursue international cooperation to assure the continuity and compatibility of these systems. This article reviews current bilateral and multilateral cooperation and technical coordination in environmental satellite activities. It also explores the potential for alternative institutional arrangements for maintaining the continuity of environmental satellite data in the decades to come.