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271.
A. G. Yahnin I. V. Despirak A. A. Lubchich B. V. Kozelov N. P. Dmitrieva M. A. Shukhtina H. K Biernat 《Space Science Reviews》2006,122(1-4):97-106
Although the auroral substorm has been long regarded as a manifestation of the magnetospheric substorm, a direct relation
of active auroras to certain magnetospheric processes is still debatable. To investigate the relationship, we combine the
data of the UV imager onboard the Polar satellite with plasma and magnetic field measurements by the Geotail spacecraft. The
poleward edge of the auroral bulge, as determined from the images obtained at the LHBL passband, is found to be conjugated
with the region where the oppositely directed fast plasma flows observed in the near-Earth plasma sheet during substorms are
generated. We conclude that the auroras forming the bulge are due to the near-Earth reconnection process. This implies that
the magnetic flux through the auroral bulge is equal to the flux dissipated in the magnetotail during the substorm. Comparison
of the magnetic flux through the auroral bulge with the magnetic flux accumulated in the tail lobe during the growth phase
shows that these parameters have the comparable values. This is a clear evidence of the loading–unloading scheme of substorm
development. It is shown that the area of the auroral bulge developing during substorm is proportional to the total (magnetic
plus plasma) pressure decrease in the magnetotail. These findings stress the importance of auroral bulge observations for
monitoring of substorm intensity in terms of the magnetic flux and energy dissipation. 相似文献
272.
R. Schwenn J. C. Raymond D. Alexander A. Ciaravella N. Gopalswamy R. Howard H. Hudson P. Kaufmann A. Klassen D. Maia G. Munoz-Martinez M. Pick M. Reiner N. Srivastava D. Tripathi A. Vourlidas Y.-M. Wang J. Zhang 《Space Science Reviews》2006,123(1-3):127-176
CMEs have been observed for over 30 years with a wide variety of instruments. It is now possible to derive detailed and quantitative information on CME morphology, velocity, acceleration and mass. Flares associated with CMEs are observed in X-rays, and several different radio signatures are also seen. Optical and UV spectra of CMEs both on the disk and at the limb provide velocities along the line of sight and diagnostics for temperature, density and composition. From the vast quantity of data we attempt to synthesize the current state of knowledge of the properties of CMEs, along with some specific observed characteristics that illuminate the physical processes occurring during CME eruption. These include the common three-part structures of CMEs, which is generally attributed to compressed material at the leading edge, a low-density magnetic bubble and dense prominence gas. Signatures of shock waves are seen, but the location of these shocks relative to the other structures and the occurrence rate at the heights where Solar Energetic Particles are produced remains controversial. The relationships among CMEs, Moreton waves, EIT waves, and EUV dimming are also cloudy. The close connection between CMEs and flares suggests that magnetic reconnection plays an important role in CME eruption and evolution. We discuss the evidence for reconnection in current sheets from white-light, X-ray, radio and UV observations. Finally, we summarize the requirements for future instrumentation that might answer the outstanding questions and the opportunities that new space-based and ground-based observatories will provide in the future. 相似文献
273.
The results of research in a process of a probe rocket berthing to an asteroid are presented. Control laws were obtained as solutions of three problems, namely berthing considering transient processes in a rocket engine, fastest berthing with regard to fuel consumption and berthing in a scheduled time considering fuel consumption. A program trajectory obtained at solving of the first problem is suitable for mathematical modeling of berthing with the feedback control law and stabilization of angular motion. The solutions of the problems are reduced to simple formulas for controlling parameters calculation in the corresponding structures of control laws. The results can be applied in designing promising space vehicles intended for berthing to other space objects. 相似文献
274.
Terrestrial technology is now, and increasingly, sensitive to space weather. Most space weather is caused by solar storms
and the resulting changes to the Earth's radiation environment and the magnetosphere. The Sun as the driver of space weather
is under intense observation but remains to be adequately modelled. Recent spacecraft measurements are greatly improving models
of solar activity, the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere, and models of the radiation belts. In-situ data
updates the basic magnetospheric model to provide specific details of high-energy electron flux at satellite orbits. Shock
wave effects at the magnetopause can also be coarsely predicted. However, the specific geomagnetic effects at ground level
depend on the calculation of magnetic and electric fields and further improvements are needed. New work on physical models
is showing promise of raising geomagnetic and ionospheric predictability above the synoptic climatological level.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
275.
Frey H.U. Mende S.B. Immel T.J. Gérard J.-C. Hubert B. Habraken S. Spann J. Gladstone G.R. Bisikalo D.V. Shematovich V.I. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,109(1-4):255-283
Direct imaging of the magnetosphere by instruments on the IMAGE spacecraft is supplemented by simultaneous observations of the global aurora in three far ultraviolet (FUV) wavelength bands. The purpose of the multi-wavelength imaging is to study the global auroral particle and energy input from the magnetosphere into the atmosphere. This paper describes the method for quantitative interpretation of FUV measurements. The Wide-Band Imaging Camera (WIC) provides broad band ultraviolet images of the aurora with maximum spatial resolution by imaging the nitrogen lines and bands between 140 and 180 nm wavelength. The Spectrographic Imager (SI), a dual wavelength monochromatic instrument, images both Doppler-shifted Lyman-α emissions produced by precipitating protons, in the SI-12 channel and OI 135.6 nm emissions in the SI-13 channel. From the SI-12 Doppler shifted Lyman-α images it is possible to obtain the precipitating proton flux provided assumptions are made regarding the mean energy of the protons. Knowledge of the proton (flux and energy) component allows the calculation of the contribution produced by protons in the WIC and SI-13 instruments. Comparison of the corrected WIC and SI-13 signals provides a measure of the electron mean energy, which can then be used to determine the electron energy flux. To accomplish this, reliable emission modeling and instrument calibrations are required. In-flight calibration using early-type stars was used to validate the pre-flight laboratory calibrations and determine long-term trends in sensitivity. In general, very reasonable agreement is found between in-situ measurements and remote quantitative determinations. 相似文献
276.
Moore T.E. Collier M.R. Fok M.-C. Fuselier S.A. Khan H. Lennartsson W. Simpson D.G. Wilson G.R. Chandler M.O. 《Space Science Reviews》2003,109(1-4):351-371
Development of the low energy neutral atom (LENA) imager was originally motivated by a need to remotely sense plasma heating in the topside ionosphere, with the goal of greatly enhanced temporal resolution of an otherwise familiar phenomenon. During ground test and calibration, the LENA imager was found to respond to neutral atoms with energies well above its nominal energy range of 10–750 eV, up to at least 3–4 keV, owing to sputtering interactions with its conversion surface. On orbit, LENA has been found to respond to a ubiquitous neutral atom component of the solar wind, to the neutral atoms formed by magnetosheath interactions with the geocorona during periods of high solar wind pressure, and to the interstellar neutral atoms flowing through the heliosphere during the season of maximal relative wind velocity between spacecraft and interstellar medium. LENA imaging has thus emerged as a promising new tool for studying the interplanetary medium and its interaction with the magnetosphere, in addition to the ionospheric heating and outflow that result from this interaction. LENA emissions from the ionosphere consist of a fast component that can be observed at high altitudes, and slower components that evidently create a quasi-trapped extended superthermal exosphere. The more energetic emissions are responsive to solar wind energy inputs on time scales of a few minutes. 相似文献
277.
R. H. Brown K. H. Baines G. Bellucci J.-P. Bibring B. J. Buratti F. Capaccioni P. Cerroni R. N. Clark A. Coradini D. P. Cruikshank P. Drossart V. Formisano R. Jaumann Y. Langevin D. L. Matson T. B. Mccord V. Mennella E. Miller R. M. Nelson P. D. Nicholson B. Sicardy C. Sotin 《Space Science Reviews》2004,115(1-4):111-168
The Cassini visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) investigation is a multidisciplinary study of the Saturnian system. Visual and near-infrared imaging spectroscopy and high-speed spectrophotometry are the observational techniques. The scope of the investigation includes the rings, the surfaces of the icy satellites and Titan, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. In this paper, we will elucidate the major scientific and measurement goals of the investigation, the major characteristics of the Cassini VIMS instrument, the instrument calibration, and operation, and the results of the recent Cassini flybys of Venus and the Earth–Moon system.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献
278.
R. Srama T. J. Ahrens N. Altobelli S. Auer J. G. Bradley M. Burton V. V. Dikarev T. Economou H. Fechtig M. Görlich M. Grande A. Graps E. Grün O. Havnes S. Helfert M. Horanyi E. Igenbergs E. K. Jessberger T. V. Johnson S. Kempf A. V. Krivov H. Krüger A. Mocker-Ahlreep G. Moragas-Klostermeyer P. Lamy M. Landgraf D. Linkert G. Linkert F. Lura J. A. M. McDonnell D. Möhlmann G. E. Morfill M. Müller M. Roy G. Schäfer G. Schlotzhauer G. H. Schwehm F. Spahn M. Stübig J. Svestka V. Tschernjawski A. J. Tuzzolino R. Wäsch H. A. Zook 《Space Science Reviews》2004,114(1-4):465-518
The Cassini-Huygens Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) is intended to provide direct observations of dust grains with masses between 10−19 and 10−9 kg in interplanetary space and in the jovian and saturnian systems, to investigate their physical, chemical and dynamical properties as functions of the distances to the Sun, to Jupiter and to Saturn and its satellites and rings, to study their interaction with the saturnian rings, satellites and magnetosphere. Chemical composition of interplanetary meteoroids will be compared with asteroidal and cometary dust, as well as with Saturn dust, ejecta from rings and satellites. Ring and satellites phenomena which might be effects of meteoroid impacts will be compared with the interplanetary dust environment. Electrical charges of particulate matter in the magnetosphere and its consequences will be studied, e.g. the effects of the ambient plasma and the magnetic field on the trajectories of dust particles as well as fragmentation of particles due to electrostatic disruption.The investigation will be performed with an instrument that measures the mass, composition, electric charge, speed, and flight direction of individual dust particles. It is a highly reliable and versatile instrument with a mass sensitivity 106 times higher than that of the Pioneer 10 and 11 dust detectors which measured dust in the saturnian system. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer has significant inheritance from former space instrumentation developed for the VEGA, Giotto, Galileo, and Ulysses missions. It will reliably measure impacts from as low as 1 impact per month up to 104 impacts per second. The instrument weighs 17 kg and consumes 12 W, the integrated time-of-flight mass spectrometer has a mass resolution of up to 50. The nominal data transmission rate is 524 bits/s and varies between 50 and 4192 bps.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date. 相似文献
279.
2001 Mars Odyssey Mission Summary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Saunders R.S. Arvidson R.E. Badhwar G.D. Boynton W.V. Christensen P.R. Cucinotta F.A. Feldman W.C. Gibbs R.G. Kloss C. Landano M.R. Mase R.A. McSmith G.W. Meyer M.A. Mitrofanov I.G. Pace G.D. Plaut J.J. Sidney W.P. Spencer D.A. Thompson T.W. Zeitlin C.J. 《Space Science Reviews》2004,110(1-2):1-36
The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, now in orbit at Mars, will observe the Martian surface at infrared and visible wavelengths to determine surface mineralogy and morphology, acquire global gamma ray and neutron observations for a full Martian year, and study the Mars radiation environment from orbit. The science objectives of this mission are to: (1) globally map the elemental composition of the surface, (2) determine the abundance of hydrogen in the shallow subsurface, (3) acquire high spatial and spectral resolution images of the surface mineralogy, (4) provide information on the morphology of the surface, and (5) characterize the Martian near-space radiation environment as related to radiation-induced risk to human explorers. To accomplish these objectives, the 2001 Mars Odyssey science payload includes a Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS), a multi-spectral Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and a radiation detector, the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE). THEMIS and MARIE are mounted on the spacecraft with THEMIS pointed at nadir. GRS is a suite of three instruments: a Gamma Subsystem (GSS), a Neutron Spectrometer (NS) and a High-Energy Neutron Detector (HEND). The HEND and NS instruments are mounted on the spacecraft body while the GSS is on a 6-m boom. Some science data were collected during the cruise and aerobraking phases of the mission before the prime mission started. THEMIS acquired infrared and visible images of the Earth-Moon system and of the southern hemisphere of Mars. MARIE monitored the radiation environment during cruise. The GRS collected calibration data during cruise and aerobraking. Early GRS observations in Mars orbit indicated a hydrogen-rich layer in the upper meter of the subsurface in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, atmospheric densities, scale heights, temperatures, and pressures were observed by spacecraft accelerometers during aerobraking as the spacecraft skimmed the upper portions of the Martian atmosphere. This provided the first in-situ evidence of winter polar warming in the Mars upper atmosphere. The prime mission for 2001 Mars Odyssey began in February 2002 and will continue until August 2004. During this prime mission, the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft will also provide radio relays for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European landers in early 2004. Science data from 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments will be provided to the science community via NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS). The first PDS release of Odyssey data was in October 2002; subsequent releases occur every 3 months. 相似文献
280.
J. L. Kohl S. Fineschi R. Esser A. Ciaravella S. R. Cranmer L. D. Gardner R. Suleiman G. Noci A. Modigliani 《Space Science Reviews》1999,87(1-2):233-236
Ultraviolet emission line profiles have been measured on 15-29 September 1997 for H I 1216 Å, O VI 1032, 1037 Å and Mg X 625 Å in a polar coronal hole, at heliographic heights ? (in solar radii) between 1.34 and 2.0. Observations of H I 1216 Å and the O VI doublet from January 1997 for ? = 1.5 to 3.0 are provided for comparison. Mg X 625 Å is observed to have a narrow component at ? = 1.34 which accounts for only a small fraction of the observed spectral radiance, and a broad component that exists at all observed heights. The widths of O VI broad components are only slightly larger than those for H I at ? = 1.34, but are significantly larger at ? = 1.5 and much larger for ? > 1.75. In contrast, the Mg X values are less than those of H I up to 1.75 and then increase rapidly up to at least ? = 2.0, but never reach the values of O VI. 相似文献