CASH 2021: commercial access and space habitation

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.     

复合固体推进剂中氧化剂和粘合剂的分解/爆燃综述

复合固体推进剂燃烧时,粘合剂和氧化剂的分解起着非常重要的作用。复合推进剂配方中,过氯酸铵(AP)是目前实际使用的氧化剂。根据应用于推进剂的情况,收集综述了粘合剂和 AP 分解的有关资料。本综述可以用来了解推进剂的燃烧机理。     

高等院校的研究推进维修业的发展

<正>一些高等院校在研的创新性先进技术,将使航空维修业发生巨变,这其中包括先进的监控系统、复合材料的修理和先进检测技术等。未来10年,飞机的监控、修理以及检测方法有可能发生根本性变化,它涉及机载系统的可靠性重新定义、复合材料问题的解决方案以及金属加工技术等领域。     

Steady course for civil space in 2002

Total expenditures for space activities by civilian governments totaled $20.3 billion in 2002. National summaries by expenditure and type of flight are provided.     

Bombardment of the Hadean Earth: wholesome or deleterious?

Graham Ryder died in January 2002 at the age of 53. He was a Staff Scientist at the Lunar and Planetary Science Institute in Houston, TX for most of his professional life, studying lunar petrology and planetary impacts. For many years he was the senior editor of the Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, and he was the senior editor of Geological Society of America Special Paper 307, The Cretaceous-Tertiary Event and Other Catastrophes in Earth History. He was the major advocate for the 3.8 Ga lunar impact cataclysm and was just beginning to publish on correlations of the early lunar impact record to that of the other inner planets at the time of his death. Graham's abstract to the Rubey Colloquium was never presented. Although Graham made many of the points in this abstract to lunar science audiences, he certainly would have wanted these views to be shared with the Astrobiology community. We have taken the liberty of publishing this abstract with the Rubey proceedings, with only a few minor revisions to include reference to some recently published papers. These revisions were recommended by Gary R. Byerly, who reviewed this abstract for publication.     

The face inversion effect in microgravity: is gravity used as a spatial reference for complex object recognition?

Complex objects are better recognized under a specific orientation. When presented upside down, a face, even very familiar, is recognized with greater difficulty than when presented upright ("Inversion effect"). Up to now it was not possible to decide whether the direction provided by gravity or the one provided by the retina and the body constitutes the spatial reference involved in this "Inversion effect". Three cosmonautes learned photographed faces on the ground and had to recognize them both on ground and on flight. Other photographed faces were learned in flight and where presented for recognition on flight. Results show that the Inversion effect is still present on flight for faces that have been learned on ground as well as for those learned on flight. Persistence of the inversion effect in 0-G shows that gravity is not involved as a spatial reference in recognition of faces. Learning and recognition performances of faces learned in flight were significantly lower than performances for faces learned on ground. A possible role of gravity in configural processing, but not in the Inversion effect, is suggested.     

Study of the psychological adaptation of the crew during a 135 days space simulation

The purpose of this study is to examine human adaptation of a three members' crew during a 135 days MIR flight simulation and to compare and validate psychological methods for monitoring and support in flight. The main findings showed that isolation was not a key factor for the subjects who were more concerned by recreational activities, family, and work. The individual reactions to stress of the crew members were to project their problems on the others. These reactions had some consequences upon the group: Although the three subjects developed a weak tendency to "group think", one of the crew members was considered as less integrated to the group by the other two subjects, who, however, acted to protect (successfully) the general cohesion and mood of the crew. From a methodological point of view, baseline data predicted the difficulties that occurred for one of the crew member. Both quantitative and qualitative tools were adequate, although qualitative tests gave a closer approach to the actual situation that developed during the simulation.     

欧洲空间操作中心的精密轨道确定

目前,欧洲空间操作中心正在进行着一项需4年时间的开发计划,以支持未来的需要高精度轨道确定的ESA近地飞行任务。该工作是围绕着欧洲空间操作中心已开发的供轨道确定和误差分析用的一个软件系统进行的,该软件含有适合于各种轨道摄动和测量类型的先进模型。除了卫星轨道参数外,它还能对地球物理参数和测地参数进行估计和误差分析。     

AL—Li合金2091应力腐蚀开裂的研究

一般认为阳极溶解(AD)和氢脆(HE)是铝合金应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的主要机制。为了区分应力腐蚀敏感的铝锂合金2091 T8x 板材的这些过程,我们研究了它在不同腐蚀性介质中全浸或交浸以及在潮湿空气中的行为。结果表明:在2091合金的 SCC 中,AD 和 HE 两者均起作用;在一些特殊的腐蚀性条件下,它们的作用可以被区分开。