基于单目偏折术的半球谐振子面域振型测量

针对半球谐振子振型的高精度面域测量难题,提出一种基于单目偏折测量术的测量方法。将半球谐振子振型测量转换为法向摆动角度测量,并基于逆向光线追迹对振型测量系统进行设计。在图像中提取振动拉长模糊斑的基础上,基于图像解卷积计算斑点摆动轨迹,将其转换为法向分别在经纬方向上的摆动角度,进而拟合得到半球谐振子振型的相关参数。实验结果表明,该方法可实现半球谐振子振型的高精度拟合,对振幅和法向摆角的测量分辨率分别可达10 nm与10μrad。与传统振动测量方法相比,其结构简单灵活、抗干扰能力强,有广阔的应用前景。     

弹性飞行器动力学与控制研究现状和发展趋势

扼要叙述了弹性飞行器动力学与控制的研究内容、发展历史.重点介绍了国外在该领域各个研究方向上的研究现状和进展,并做了相应的分析与评述.同时也介绍了我国学者在这个领域所做的贡献.最后,在分析国内外研究现状和相关领域发展的基础上,结合自己的研究成果,对弹性飞行器动力学与控制的发展趋势做出了预测和评价,并提出了四个值得研究的关键问题.     

Classification of modern and old Río Tinto sedimentary deposits through the biomolecular record using a life marker biochip: implications for detecting life on Mars

The particular mineralogy formed in the acidic conditions of the Río Tinto has proven to be a first-order analogue for the acid-sulfate aqueous environments of Mars. Therefore, studies about the formation and preservation of biosignatures in the Río Tinto will provide insights into equivalent processes on Mars. We characterized the biomolecular patterns recorded in samples of modern and old fluvial sediments along a segment of the river by means of an antibody microarray containing more than 200 antibodies (LDCHIP200, for Life Detector Chip) against whole microorganisms, universal biomolecules, or environmental extracts. Samples containing 0.3-0.5?g of solid material were automatically analyzed in situ by the Signs Of LIfe Detector instrument (SOLID2), and the results were corroborated by extensive analysis in the laboratory. Positive antigen-antibody reactions indicated the presence of microbial strains or high-molecular-weight biopolymers that originated from them. The LDCHIP200 results were quantified and subjected to a multivariate analysis for immunoprofiling. We associated similar immunopatterns, and biomolecular markers, to samples with similar sedimentary age. Phyllosilicate-rich samples from modern fluvial sediments gave strong positive reactions with antibodies against bacteria of the genus Acidithiobacillus and against biochemical extracts from Río Tinto sediments and biofilms. These samples contained high amounts of sugars (mostly polysaccharides) with monosaccharides like glucose, rhamnose, fucose, and so on. By contrast, the older deposits, which are a mix of clastic sands and evaporites, showed only a few positives with LDCHIP200, consistent with lower protein and sugar content. We conclude that LDCHIP200 results can establish a correlation between microenvironments, diagenetic stages, and age with the biomarker profile associated with a sample. Our results would help in the search for putative martian biomarkers in acidic deposits with similar diagenetic maturity. Our LDCHIP200 and SOLID-like instruments may be excellent tools for the search for molecular biomarkers on Mars or other planets.     

Whole lichen thalli survive exposure to space conditions: results of Lithopanspermia experiment with Aspicilia fruticulosa

The Lithopanspermia space experiment was launched in 2007 with the European Biopan facility for a 10-day spaceflight on board a Russian Foton retrievable satellite. Lithopanspermia included for the first time the vagrant lichen species Aspicilia fruticulosa from Guadalajara steppic highlands (Central Spain), as well as other lichen species. During spaceflight, the samples were exposed to selected space conditions, that is, the space vacuum, cosmic radiation, and different spectral ranges of solar radiation (λ?≥?110, ≥200, ≥290, or ≥400?nm, respectively). After retrieval, the algal and fungal metabolic integrity of the samples were evaluated in terms of chlorophyll a fluorescence, ultrastructure, and CO(2) exchange rates. Whereas the space vacuum and cosmic radiation did not impair the metabolic activity of the lichens, solar electromagnetic radiation, especially in the wavelength range between 100 and 200?nm, caused reduced chlorophyll a yield fluorescence; however, there was a complete recovery after 72?h of reactivation. All samples showed positive rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration in the gas exchange experiment. Although the ultrastructure of all flight samples showed some probable stress-induced changes (such as the presence of electron-dense bodies in cytoplasmic vacuoles and between the chloroplast thylakoids in photobiont cells as well as in cytoplasmic vacuoles of the mycobiont cells), we concluded that A. fruticulosa was capable of repairing all space-induced damage. Due to size limitations within the Lithopanspermia hardware, the possibility for replication on the sun-exposed samples was limited, and these first results on the resistance of the lichen symbiosis A. fruticulosa to space conditions and, in particular, on the spectral effectiveness of solar extraterrestrial radiation must be considered preliminary. Further testing in space and under space-simulated conditions will be required. Results of this study indicate that the quest to discern the limits of lichen symbiosis resistance to extreme environmental conditions remains open.     

Self-sustaining Mars colonies utilizing the North Polar Cap and the Martian atmosphere

A revolutionary new concept for the early establishment of robust, self-sustaining Martian colonies is described. The colonies would be located on the North Polar Cap of Mars and utilize readily available water ice and the CO2 Martian atmosphere as raw materials to produce all of the propellants, fuel, air, water, plastics, food, and other supplies needed by the colony. The colonists would live in thermally insulated large, comfortable habitats under the ice surface, fully shielded from cosmic rays. The habitats and supplies would be produced by a compact, lightweight (~4 metric tons) nuclear powered robotic unit termed ALPH (Atomic Liberation of Propellant and Habitat), which would land 2 years before the colonists arrived. Using a compact, lightweight 5 MW (th) nuclear reactor/steam turbine (1 MW(e)) power source and small process units (e.g., H2O electrolyzer, H2 and O2 liquefiers, methanator, plastic polymerizer, food producer, etc.) ALPH would stockpile many hundreds of tons of supplies in melt cavities under the ice, plus insulated habitats, to be in place and ready for use when the colonists landed. With the stockpiled supplies, the colonists would construct and operate rovers and flyers to explore the surface of Mars. ALPH greatly reduces the amount of Earth supplied material needed and enables large permanent colonies on Mars. It also greatly reduces human and mission risks and vastly increases the capability not only for exploration of the surrounding Martian surface, but also the ice cap itself. The North Polar Cap is at the center of the vast ancient ocean that covered much of the Martian Northern Hemisphere. Small, nuclear heated robotic probes would travel deep (1 km or more) inside the ice cap, collecting data on its internal structure, the composition and properties of the ancient Martian atmosphere, and possible evidence of ancient life forms (microfossils, traces of DNA, etc.) that were deposited either by wind or as remnants of the ancient ocean. Details of the ALPH system, which is based on existing technology, are presented. ALPH units could be developed and demonstrated on Earth ice sheets within a few years. An Earth-Mars space transport architecture is described, in which Mars produced propellant and supplies for return journeys to Earth would be lifted with relatively low DeltaV to Mars orbit, and from there transported back to Earth orbit, enabling faster and lower cost trips from Earth to Mars. The exploration capability and quality of life in a mature Martian colony of 500 persons located on the North Polar Cap is outlined.     

基于自抗扰控制的机翼受损飞机姿态控制器设计

飞机结构受损会导致飞机质量、重心和气动特性发生突变、对称性破坏以及较强的运动耦合,严重影响飞行安全.以机翼受损飞机为研究对象,采用质量微元法建立重心偏移飞机的动力学模型,分析其动态特性,并设计了基于自抗扰控制的姿态控制器.仿真结果表明,自抗扰控制器表现出良好的控制性能,针对突然受损情况设计的控制器具有较强的鲁棒性,能实时补偿结构受损引起的干扰力矩,快速准确地跟踪控制指令.     

怎样提高航线维修的效率

美国《大修与维修》（Ｏｖｅｒｈａｕｌ＆　Ｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅ）是美国航空周刊集团出版社的，以报道飞机、发动机及机械电子设备维护维修的科技信息杂志，《航空工程与维修》是国际航空杂志社出版的一本集报道航空工程与维修为一体的刊物。自２００１年初开始，国际航空杂志社与美国航空周刊集团签订了版权交换协议，因此，我刊从本期开始，开设了Ｏｖｅｒｈａｕｌ＆Ｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｃｅ专栏，为广大中国民航军队的飞机维护维修人员提供了一个了解国外维修业的窗口，希望广大读者对本专栏提出宝贵意见，以帮助我们不断改进。     

航天器短期规避路径规划研究

针对在轨航天器主动防护的问题,对航天器直接规避路径规划和航天器规避-返回路径规划进行了研究,建立了规避-返回轨道规划问题的脉冲式最优轨迹非线性规划模型,利用主矢量理论和序列二次规划算法对问题进行了求解。通过数值仿真,揭示了航天器规避机动时刻与所需燃料、分离距离与所需燃料以及不同返回时间与所需燃料的规律,得到了对航天器主动防护研究有意义的结果,同时可为工程应用提供相关参考。