风洞投放试验技术的研究现状与应用综述

多体分离是航空、航天和武器系统总体部门一直极为关注的关键问题,多体间的流场干扰效应产生的气动力和力矩对悬挂物分离相容性有重要影响,基于运动动力学相似的风洞投放试验技术是预测和评估多体分离是否相容的一种非定常试验方法。根据飞行器多体分离相容性的研究需求,结合作者在风洞投放试验技术的研究成果和经验,对风洞投放试验技术的国内外研究现状进行综述。首先回顾了风洞投放试验技术的发展历史,然后对低速和高速风洞投放试验的相似准则及缩比关系进行详细地论述与分析,进而对风洞投放试验的几个关键技术进行综述,最后对风洞投放试验技术存在的问题提出思考与展望。     

基于可用能的多电飞机能量利用率分析方法

为了分析复杂多电飞机系统的能量使用情况,将模块化系统建模与可用能分析方法相结合构造出一种能量利用率分析方法。利用该方法将多电飞机系统分成动力、电力、液压、机体、防冰除冰、环境控制和座舱等子系统,在完整巡航任务剖面内计算各子系统可用能的分配和使用情况,分析相同飞行状态下不同子系统以及相同子系统在不同飞行状态下的能量利用率。所采用的燃料可用能计算公式不仅考虑了化学能还考虑了燃烧状态的影响。结果显示,多电飞机中可用能损失主要发生在发动机中,液压作动系统紧随其次;防冰除冰单元在飞机盘旋阶段的可用能效率较低,在起飞着陆阶段效率较高。     

强γ射线参考辐射场散射影响研究

采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP对强γ射线参考辐射场的散射特性进行了模拟,确立了辐射场实验空间内的剂量率和能谱分布。通过多种角度对屏蔽墙散射和在束散射体散射进行了细致的分析,为校准实验室钴源辐射场的实验应用和屏蔽设计提供参考。     

现场校准试验用便携式γ射线照射装置研制

固定式环境γ辐射剂量率监测仪表是承担环境连续监测任务的主要设备,这类仪表通常不便于拆卸和安装,而且送检周期较长（一周左右）,影响了连续监测点数据的连续性。为了固定式仪表的按期校准,结合蒙卡方法研制了便携式γ射线照射装置,利用PTW剂量计对辐射场进行标定,最后利用便携式照射装置对固定式环境γ辐射剂量率监测仪表进行现场校准实验。     

电液负载模拟器摩擦参数辨识及补偿

针对摩擦干扰在电液负载模拟器控制中的影响,提出了将被试件简化为自由伸缩刚性杆的摩擦力作用模型。模型中采用能全面反应摩擦特性的LuGre模型描述摩擦力大小。LuGre的静力摩擦系数和动力摩擦系数依托两种特殊工作状态进行辨识,相应的辨识数据验证了所求系数的准确性。摩擦补偿具体实施时,利用结构不变性原理,求解出摩擦补偿控制器。在此基础上,对负载模拟器开展了位移伺服、力矩伺服、多余力等方面的摩擦力补偿实验。实验结果表明,所求解的LuGre模型及摩擦补偿控制器可以较好地消除摩擦力对负载模拟器控制的影响。     

CFRP曲面铣削力及加工缺陷研究

碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)曲面结构不断变化的工件倾角使得在加工过程中易产生分层、毛刺等缺陷。为研究工件倾角对CFRP曲面结构可加工性的影响规律,采用金刚石涂层铣刀对不同倾角下CFRP叠层平板结构进行顺铣加工试验,对不同坐标系下的铣削力和加工侧面、表面缺陷进行了研究。研究结果表明,随工件倾角的增大,水平方向上每齿所切材料平均厚度与截面积均减小,等效轴向切深逐渐增大,但是每齿去除材料体积保持不变。机床坐标系下的铣削力几乎不随工件倾角的变化而变化。而在工件坐标系下,铣削力沿工件厚度方向逐渐增大,沿工件长度方向逐渐减小。同时随着工件倾角的增大,侧面表层分层缺陷不断加重,纤维束发生弯曲,裂纹沿纤维方向逐渐扩展至表层内部,加工表面遭受破坏铺层数量也同样增加。     

C/SiC复合材料铣削表面完整性研究

采用PCD刀具进行了C/SiC复合材料的铣削加工实验,通过观察加工表面/亚表面损伤,分析了C/SiC复合材料铣削加工表面形成机制,并结合切削力讨论了铣削参数对加工表面形貌和粗糙度的影响。研究结果表明,C/SiC材料以脆性断裂方式实现去除;加工表面存在纤维的层状脆断、拔出和纤维束断裂等现象;碳纤维区域粗糙度随铣削参数的变化规律与表面微观形貌基本一致;提高切削速度能改善表面质量,增大切深会使表面质量严重恶化,每齿进给量对表面质量影响较小。     

Validation of a Compression Mass Gauge using ground tests for liquid propellant mass measurements

To properly estimate orbital lifetimes and predict the maneuverability of spacecraft, the remaining liquid propellant mass must be accurately known at every moment of a space mission. This paper studies the Compression Mass Gauge (CMG) method to determine the mass of liquid contained in a tank in a low-gravity environment with high accuracy. CMG is a thermodynamic method used to determine the quantity of liquid by measuring the gas pressure change when the tank volume changes, and has been previously theoretically and experimentally studied by researchers. The primary objective of this investigation is to explore the effects of attitude disturbance and the spacecraft thermal environment on the accuracy of the method. A ground test system, consisting of several test apparatuses, was fabricated and described as part of this study. The test results and analyses indicate that the CMG performs well and has an accuracy of ±1%. Additionally, demonstrations were performed to show that measurement errors do not increase drastically or exceed ±1% when the test system is vibrated to simulate the tank being perturbed as a result of an attitude disturbance. Liquid sloshing resonance was found to have a significant effect on the gauging accuracy. Measurements in a real thermal environment in which heat transfers into and out of the propellant tank were also conducted. The results show that the gauging accuracy is acceptable for normal liquid propellant. Furthermore, theoretical research shows that heat leakage has a significant influence on cryogenic propellant mass gauging.     

非晶态薄带冷却铜辊用内反馈静压轴承数值模拟

由于内反馈式静压轴承具有高回转精度、大承载能力和高油膜刚度等特性,固将其引入到非晶态薄带冷却铜辊支承结构中。为了获取冷却铜辊用内反馈静压轴承的承载能力特性,利用流体力学软件建立不同偏心距下的内反馈式静压轴承油膜模型,研究不同进油压力下随偏心距变化时轴承油膜压力场分布情况并计算出其承载能力。结果表明：在同等进油压力下,油膜承载能力随偏心距的增大而增大;在同等偏心距下,油膜承载能力随进油压力的增大而增大。最终通过与工作现场实验数据比对分析,当进油压力分别为3.0 MPa和3.5 MPa时,数值模拟载荷值与实际载荷值的相对误差分别为5.3%和5.4%,证明了数值模拟结果的可靠性。     

Performance comparison of aero-ramp and transverse injector based on gas-pilot flame

A direct performance comparison between the four-hole aero-ramp injector and single transverse injector in a dual-mode scramjet combustor was conducted. The mixing characteristics of two injectors were calculated by solving the three-dimensional (3-D) compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS), with the help of the shear-stress-transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The numerical results show that the far field mixing efficiency of the aero-ramp injector is higher than that of the single transverse injector. High enthalpy vitiated air was heated to a total temperature of 1200K by hydrogen-oxygen combustion, entering the isolator entrance at a Mach number of 2.0. Non-reacting experimental conditions involved sonic injection of nitrogen to safely simulate ethylene injected into the combustor at a jet-to-free stream momentum flux ratio of 2.6. Schlieren photographs were obtained to analyze the shock structure around the injectors. Reacting test conditions involved sonic injection of ethylene at the jet-to-free stream momentum flux ratios ranging from 0.5 to 2.7. High speed camera was used to capture the flame structures in the near-field combustion. The experimental results show that the aero-ramp injector produce sustained combustion over a wider range of fuel-air ratios than the single transverse injector. At the identical jet-to-free stream momentum flux ratio, the aero-ramp has a larger isolator margin than the single transverse injector, demonstrating a better ability for avoiding overflows. However, the air specific impulse and total temperature recovery of two injectors, which are calculated by the one-dimensional (1-D) performance analysis code, are almost identical.