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61.
Space Science Reviews - 相似文献
62.
Beginning in the early 1950s, data from neutron monitors placed the taxonomy of cosmic ray temporal variations on a firm footing,
extended the observations of the Sun as a transient source of high energy particles and laid the foundation of our early concepts
of a heliosphere. The first major impact of the arrival of the Space Age in 1957 on our understanding of cosmic rays came
from spacecraft operating beyond the confines of our magnetosphere. These new observations showed that Forbush decreases were
caused by interplanetary disturbances and not by changes in the geomagnetic field; the existence of both the predicted solar
wind and interplanetary magnetic field was confirmed; the Sun was revealed as a frequent source of energetic ions and electrons
in the 10–100 MeV range; and a number of new, low-energy particle populations was discovered. Neutron monitor data were of
great value in interpreting many of these new results.
With the launch of IMP 6 in 1971, followed by a number of other spacecraft, long-term monitoring of low and medium energy
galactic and anomalous cosmic rays and solar and interplanetary energetic particles, and the interplanetary medium were available
on a continuous basis. Many synoptic studies have been carried out using both neutron monitor and space observations. The
data from the Pioneer 10/11 and Voyagers 1/2 deep space missions and the journey of Ulysses over the region of the solar poles have significantly extended our knowledge of the heliosphere and have provided enhanced
understanding of many effects that were first identified in the neutron monitor data.
Solar observations are a special area of space studies that has had great impact on interpreting results from neutron monitors,
in particular the identification of coronal holes as the source of high-speed solar wind streams and the recognition of the
importance of coronal mass ejections in producing interplanetary disturbances and accelerating solar energetic particles.
In the future, with the new emphasis on carefully intercalibrated networks of neutron monitors and the improved instrumentation
for space studies, these symbionic relations should prove to be even more productive in extending our understanding of the
acceleration and transport of energetic particles in our heliosphere.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
63.
David N. Burrows J. E. Hill J. A. Nousek J. A. Kennea A. Wells J. P. Osborne A. F. Abbey A. Beardmore K. Mukerjee A. D. T. Short G. Chincarini S. Campana O. Citterio A. Moretti C. Pagani G. Tagliaferri P. Giommi M. Capalbi F. Tamburelli L. Angelini G. Cusumano H. W. Bräuninger W. Burkert G. D. Hartner 《Space Science Reviews》2005,120(3-4):165-195
he Swift Gamma-Ray Explorer is designed to make prompt multiwavelength observations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and GRB afterglows.
The X-ray telescope (XRT) enables Swift to determine GRB positions with a few arcseconds accuracy within 100 s of the burst onset.
The XRT utilizes a mirror set built for JET-X and an XMM-Newton/EPIC MOS CCD detector to provide a sensitive broad-band (0.2–10 keV) X-ray imager with effective area of > 120 cm2 at 1.5 keV, field of view of 23.6 × 23.6 arcminutes, and angular resolution of 18 arcseconds (HPD). The detection sensitivity
is 2×10−14 erg cm−2 s−1 in 104 s. The instrument is designed to provide automated source detection and position reporting within 5 s of target acquisition.
It can also measure the redshifts of GRBs with Fe line emission or other spectral features. The XRT operates in an auto-exposure
mode, adjusting the CCD readout mode automatically to optimize the science return for each frame as the source intensity fades.
The XRT will measure spectra and lightcurves of the GRB afterglow beginning about a minute after the burst and will follow
each burst for days or weeks.
Dedicated to David J. Watson, in memory of his valuable contributions to this instrument. 相似文献
64.
Space observations in several near-Earth environments have revealed the presence of positive-potential, large-amplitude electrostatic
structures, associated with high-frequency disturbances, and indicative of electron dynamics. Earlier models proposed in terms
of electron-acoustic solitary waves in a two-electron-temperature plasma were inadequate, because only negative potential
structures could thus be obtained, whereas the observations point to positive potential structures. In this paper, it is shown
that the theoretical restriction to negative potential solitons is due to the neglect of the inertia of the hot electrons,
implicitly or explicitly assumed in previous papers. If hot electron inertia is retained, however, there exists a parameter
range where positive potential solitary waves are formed, which can have important consequences for the re-interpretation
of several astrophysical phenomena involving two-electron-temperature plasmas.
PACS: 52.35.Mw, 52.35.Sb, 96.50.Ry 相似文献
65.
Four layers, S1-S4, containing sand-sized spherical particles formed as a result of large meteorite impacts, occur in 3.47-3.24 Ga rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ir levels in S3 and S4 locally equal or exceed chondritic values but in other sections are at or only slightly above background. Most spherules are inferred to have formed by condensation of impact-produced rock vapor clouds, although some may represent ballistically ejected liquid droplets. Extreme Ir abundances and heterogeneity may reflect element fractionation during spherule formation, hydraulic fractionation during deposition, and/or diagenetic and metasomatic processes. Deposition of S1, S2, and S3 was widely influenced by waves and/or currents interpreted to represent impact-generated tsunamis, and S1 and S2 show multiple graded layers indicating the passage of two or more wave trains. These tsunamis may have promoted mixing within a globally stratified ocean, enriching surface waters in nutrients for biological communities. S2 and S3 mark the transition from the 300-million-year-long Onverwacht stage of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic volcanism to the late orogenic stage of greenstone belt evolution, suggesting that regional and possibly global tectonic reorganization resulted from these large impacts. These beds provide the oldest known direct record of terrestrial impacts and an opportunity to explore their influence on early life, crust, ocean, and atmosphere. The apparent presence of impact clusters at 3.26-3.24 Ga and approximately 2.65-2.5 Ga suggests either spikes in impact rates during the Archean or that the entire Archean was characterized by terrestrial impact rates above those currently estimated from the lunar cratering record. 相似文献
66.
The synthesis of important prebiotic molecules is fundamentally reliant on basic starting ingredients: water, organic species [e.g., methane (CH(4))], and reduced nitrogen compounds [e.g., ammonia (NH(3)), methyl cyanide (CH(3)CN) etc.]. However, modern studies conclude that the primordial Earth's atmosphere was too rich in CO, CO(2), and water to permit efficient synthesis of such reduced molecules as envisioned by the classic Miller-Urey experiment. Other proposed sources of terrestrial nitrogen reduction, like those within submarine vent systems, also seem to be inadequate sources of chemically reduced C-H-O-N compounds. Here, we demonstrate that nebular dust analogs have impressive catalytic properties for synthesizing prebiotic molecules. Using a catalyst analogous to nebular iron silicate condensate, at temperatures ranging from 500K to 900K, we catalyzed both the Fischer-Tropsch conversion of CO and H(2) to methane and water, and the corresponding Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia from N(2) and H(2). Remarkably, when CO, N(2), and H(2) were allowed to react simultaneously, these syntheses also yielded nitrogen-containing organics such as methyl amine (CH(3)NH(2)), acetonitrile (CH(3)CN), and N-methyl methylene imine (H(3)CNCH(2)). A fundamental consequence of this work for astrobiology is the potential for a natural chemical pathway to produce complex chemical building blocks of life throughout our own Solar System and beyond. 相似文献
67.
The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on the New Horizons Mission
Ralph L. McNutt Jr. Stefano A. Livi Reid S. Gurnee Matthew E. Hill Kim A. Cooper G. Bruce Andrews Edwin P. Keath Stamatios M. Krimigis Donald G. Mitchell Barry Tossman Fran Bagenal John D. Boldt Walter Bradley William S. Devereux George C. Ho Stephen E. Jaskulek Thomas W. LeFevere Horace Malcom Geoffrey A. Marcus John R. Hayes G. Ty Moore Mark E. Perry Bruce D. Williams Paul Wilson IV Lawrence E. Brown Martha B. Kusterer Jon D. Vandegriff 《Space Science Reviews》2008,140(1-4):315-385
The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) comprises the hardware and accompanying science investigation on the New Horizons spacecraft to measure pick-up ions from Pluto’s outgassing atmosphere. To the extent that Pluto retains its characteristics similar to those of a “heavy comet” as detected in stellar occultations since the early 1980s, these measurements will characterize the neutral atmosphere of Pluto while providing a consistency check on the atmospheric escape rate at the encounter epoch with that deduced from the atmospheric structure at lower altitudes by the ALICE, REX, and SWAP experiments on New Horizons. In addition, PEPSSI will characterize any extended ionosphere and solar wind interaction while also characterizing the energetic particle environment of Pluto, Charon, and their associated system. First proposed for development for the Pluto Express mission in September 1993, what became the PEPSSI instrument went through a number of development stages to meet the requirements of such an instrument for a mission to Pluto while minimizing the required spacecraft resources. The PEPSSI instrument provides for measurements of ions (with compositional information) and electrons from 10 s of keV to ~1 MeV in a 160°×12° fan-shaped beam in six sectors for 1.5 kg and ~2.5 W. 相似文献
68.
James C. Leary Richard F. Conde George Dakermanji Carl S. Engelbrecht Carl J. Ercol Karl B. Fielhauer David G. Grant Theodore J. Hartka Tracy A. Hill Stephen E. Jaskulek Mary A. Mirantes Larry E. Mosher Michael V. Paul David F. Persons Elliot H. Rodberg Dipak K. Srinivasan Robin M. Vaughan Samuel R. Wiley 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):187-217
The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft was designed and constructed to withstand the harsh environments associated with achieving and operating in Mercury
orbit. The system can be divided into eight subsystems: structures and mechanisms (e.g., the composite core structure, aluminum
launch vehicle adapter, and deployables), propulsion (e.g., the state-of-the-art titanium fuel tanks, thruster modules, and
associated plumbing), thermal (e.g., the ceramic-cloth sunshade, heaters, and radiators), power (e.g., solar arrays, battery,
and controlling electronics), avionics (e.g., the processors, solid-state recorder, and data handling electronics), software
(e.g., processor-supported code that performs commanding, data handling, and spacecraft control), guidance and control (e.g.,
attitude sensors including star cameras and Sun sensors integrated with controllers including reaction wheels), radio frequency
telecommunications (e.g., the spacecraft antenna suites and supporting electronics), and payload (e.g., the science instruments
and supporting processors). This system architecture went through an extensive (nearly four-year) development and testing
effort that provided the team with confidence that all mission goals will be achieved.
Larry E. Mosher passed away during the preparation of this paper. 相似文献
69.
70.
L. A. Frank J. B. Sigwarth J. D. Craven J. P. Cravens J. S. Dolan M. R. Dvorsky P. K. Hardebeck J. D. Harvey D. W. Muller 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):297-328
The Visible Imaging System (VIS) is a set of three low-light-level cameras to be flown on the POLAR spacecraft of the Global Geospace Science (GGS) program which is an element of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) campaign. Two of these cameras share primary and some secondary optics and are designed to provide images of the nighttime auroral oval at visible wavelengths. A third camera is used to monitor the directions of the fields-of-view of these sensitive auroral cameras with respect to sunlit Earth. The auroral emissions of interest include those from N
2
+
at 391.4 nm, Oi at 557.7 and 630.0 nm, Hi at 656.3 nm, and Oii at 732.0 nm. The two auroral cameras have different spatial resolutions. These resolutions are about 10 and 20 km from a spacecraft altitude of 8R
e
. The time to acquire and telemeter a 256×256-pixel image is about 12 s. The primary scientific objectives of this imaging instrumentation, together with thein-situ observations from the ensemble of ISTP spacecraft, are (1) quantitative assessment of the dissipation of magnetospheric energy into the auroral ionosphere, (2) an instantaneous reference system for thein-situ measurements, (3) development of a substantial model for energy flow within the magnetosphere, (4) investigation of the topology of the magnetosphere, and (5) delineation of the responses of the magnetosphere to substorms and variable solar wind conditions. 相似文献