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61.
Four layers, S1-S4, containing sand-sized spherical particles formed as a result of large meteorite impacts, occur in 3.47-3.24 Ga rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ir levels in S3 and S4 locally equal or exceed chondritic values but in other sections are at or only slightly above background. Most spherules are inferred to have formed by condensation of impact-produced rock vapor clouds, although some may represent ballistically ejected liquid droplets. Extreme Ir abundances and heterogeneity may reflect element fractionation during spherule formation, hydraulic fractionation during deposition, and/or diagenetic and metasomatic processes. Deposition of S1, S2, and S3 was widely influenced by waves and/or currents interpreted to represent impact-generated tsunamis, and S1 and S2 show multiple graded layers indicating the passage of two or more wave trains. These tsunamis may have promoted mixing within a globally stratified ocean, enriching surface waters in nutrients for biological communities. S2 and S3 mark the transition from the 300-million-year-long Onverwacht stage of predominantly basaltic and komatiitic volcanism to the late orogenic stage of greenstone belt evolution, suggesting that regional and possibly global tectonic reorganization resulted from these large impacts. These beds provide the oldest known direct record of terrestrial impacts and an opportunity to explore their influence on early life, crust, ocean, and atmosphere. The apparent presence of impact clusters at 3.26-3.24 Ga and approximately 2.65-2.5 Ga suggests either spikes in impact rates during the Archean or that the entire Archean was characterized by terrestrial impact rates above those currently estimated from the lunar cratering record. 相似文献
62.
63.
L. A. Frank J. B. Sigwarth J. D. Craven J. P. Cravens J. S. Dolan M. R. Dvorsky P. K. Hardebeck J. D. Harvey D. W. Muller 《Space Science Reviews》1995,71(1-4):297-328
The Visible Imaging System (VIS) is a set of three low-light-level cameras to be flown on the POLAR spacecraft of the Global Geospace Science (GGS) program which is an element of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) campaign. Two of these cameras share primary and some secondary optics and are designed to provide images of the nighttime auroral oval at visible wavelengths. A third camera is used to monitor the directions of the fields-of-view of these sensitive auroral cameras with respect to sunlit Earth. The auroral emissions of interest include those from N
2
+
at 391.4 nm, Oi at 557.7 and 630.0 nm, Hi at 656.3 nm, and Oii at 732.0 nm. The two auroral cameras have different spatial resolutions. These resolutions are about 10 and 20 km from a spacecraft altitude of 8R
e
. The time to acquire and telemeter a 256×256-pixel image is about 12 s. The primary scientific objectives of this imaging instrumentation, together with thein-situ observations from the ensemble of ISTP spacecraft, are (1) quantitative assessment of the dissipation of magnetospheric energy into the auroral ionosphere, (2) an instantaneous reference system for thein-situ measurements, (3) development of a substantial model for energy flow within the magnetosphere, (4) investigation of the topology of the magnetosphere, and (5) delineation of the responses of the magnetosphere to substorms and variable solar wind conditions. 相似文献
64.
One of the big surprises of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) has been discovery of crystalline silicates outside our own
Solar system. It was generally assumed before that all cosmic silicates in space were of amorphous structure. Thanks to ISO
we know now that crystalline silicates are ubiquitous in the Galaxy (except for the diffuse ISM) and sometimes even in very
large quantities (> 50% of the small dust particles). The evolution of the crystalline silicates is still not completely clarified,
but the combination of theoretical modeling and observations have already shed light on their life-cycle. The absence of crystalline
silicates in the diffuse ISM provides us with information about the dust amorphization rate in the ISM. 相似文献
65.
Marc Studer Gesine Bradacs Andre Hilliger Eva Hürlimann Stephanie Engeli Cora S. Thiel Peter Zeitner Beat Denier Markus Binggeli Thomas Syburra Marcel Egli Frank Engelmann Oliver Ullrich 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(11-12):1729-1741
Long-term sensitivity of human cells to reduced gravity has been supposed since the first Apollo missions and was demonstrated during several space missions in the past. However, little information is available on primary and rapid gravi-responsive elements in mammalian cells. In search of rapid-responsive molecular alterations in mammalian cells, short-term microgravity provided by parabolic flight maneuvers is an ideal way to elucidate such initial and primary effects. Modern biomedical research at the cellular and molecular level requires frequent repetition of experiments that are usually performed in sequences of experiments and analyses. Therefore, a research platform on Earth providing frequent, easy and repeated access to real microgravity for cell culture experiments is strongly desired. For this reason, we developed a research platform onboard the military fighter jet aircraft Northrop F-5E “Tiger II”. The experimental system consists of a programmable and automatically operated system composed of six individual experiment modules, placed in the front compartment, which work completely independent of the aircraft systems. Signal transduction pathways in cultured human cells can be investigated after the addition of an activator solution at the onset of microgravity and a fixative or lysis buffer after termination of microgravity. Before the beginning of a regular military training flight, a parabolic maneuver was executed. After a 1 g control phase, the parabolic maneuver starts at 13,000 ft and at Mach 0.99 airspeed, where a 22 s climb with an acceleration of 2.5g is initiated, following a free-fall ballistic Keplerian trajectory lasting 45 s with an apogee of 27,000 ft at Mach 0.4 airspeed. Temperature, pressure and acceleration are monitored constantly during the entire flight. Cells and activator solutions are kept at 37 °C during the entire experiment until the fixative has been added. The parabolic flight profile provides up to 45 s of microgravity at a quality of 0.05g in all axes. Access time is 30 min before take-off; retrieval time is 30 min after landing. We conclude that using military fighter jets for microgravity research is a valuable tool for frequent and repeated cell culture experiments and therefore for state-of-the art method of biomedical research. 相似文献
66.
Rhoda Shaller Hornstein Raymond E Miller Donald J Hei Jr. David E Kaufmann Frank J LoPinto Jacqueline E Todd 《Acta Astronautica》1997,41(12):833-840
NASA’s COST LESS Team is pursuing strategies to reduce the cost and complexity of planning and executing space missions. The team’s technical goal is to reverse the trend of constructing unique solutions for similar problems. To this end, the team is exploring ways to represent mission functionality in terms of building blocks and is discovering approaches that could accommodate the same building blocks for seemingly disparate activities, such as organizing processed telemetry data, controlling onboard experiments, searching science archives, reducing and presenting information to science users, and supporting educational outreach. Reusable object technology (UOT), a research undertaking by the authors, is showing promise in recognizing similarities in functions which were previously viewed as unique because they appeared in different programs or mission phases. Since UOT is aimed at being implementation independent (i.e. the function performed could be accomplished manually, by an automated process, by a specialized instrument, etc.), no premature judgment for automation or autonomy need be made. In this paper, the authors attempt to strike a balance between theory and reality as they describe UOT, including its beginnings, its underpinning, its utility, and its potential for achieving substantive reductions in cost and complexity for the Agency’s space programs. The authors discuss their collaboration with the Center for EUV Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley to reduce the cost and complexity of science investigations. Their multi-disciplinary plan incorporates both UOT and a complementary technology introduced in this paper, called interactive archives. 相似文献
67.
K. J. Seidensticker D. Möhlmann I. Apathy W. Schmidt K. Thiel W. Arnold H.-H. Fischer M. Kretschmer D. Madlener A. Péter R. Trautner S. Schieke 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):301-337
SESAME is an instrument complex built in international co-operation and carried by the Rosetta lander Philae intended to land
on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. The main goals of this instrument suite are to measure mechanical and electrical
properties of the cometary surface and the shallow subsurface as well as of the particles emitted from the cometary surface.
Most of the sensors are mounted within the six soles of the landing gear feet in order to provide good contact with or proximity
to the cometary surface. The measuring principles, instrument designs, technical layout, operational concepts and the results
from the first in-flight measurements are described. We conclude with comments on the consequences of the last minute change
of the target comet and how to improve and to preserve the knowledge during the long-duration Rosetta mission. 相似文献
68.
This paper considers a spinning rigid body and a particle with internal motion under axial thrust. This model is helpful for gaining insights into the nutation anomalies that occurred near the end of orbit injections performed by STAR-48 rocket motors. The stability of this system is investigated by means of linearized equations about a uniform spin reference state. In this model, a double root does not necessarily imply instability. The resulting stability condition defines a manifold in the parameter space. A detailed study of this manifold and the parameter space shows that the envelope of the constant solutions is in fact the stability boundary. Only part of the manifold defines a physical system and the range of frequency values that make the system unstable is restricted. Also it turns out that an increase of the spring stiffness, which restrains the internal motion, does not necessarily increase the stability margin. The application of the model is demonstrated using the orbit injection data of ESA's Ulysses satellite in 1990. 相似文献
69.
Stefano Mottola Gabriele Arnold Hans-Georg Grothues Ralf Jaumann Harald Michaelis Gerhard Neukum Jean-Pierre Bibring 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):241-255
ROLIS (Rosetta Lander Imaging System) is one of the two imaging systems carried by Rosetta’s Lander Philae, successfully launched
to comet 67P/ Churyumov-Gerasimenko in March 2004. Consisting of a highly-miniaturized CCD camera, ROLIS will operate as a descent imager, acquiring imagery
of the landing site with increasing spatial resolution. After touchdown ROLIS will focus at an object distance of 30 cm, taking
pictures of the comet’s surface below the Lander. Multispectral imaging is achieved through an illumination device consisting
of four arrays of monochromatic light emitting diodes working in the 470, 530, 640 and 870 nm spectral bands. The drill sample
sites, as well as the Alpha X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) target locations will be imaged to provide context for the measurements
performed by the in situ analyzers. After the drilling operation, the borehole will be inspected to study its morphology and to search for stratification.
Taking advantage of the Lander’s rotation capability, stereo image pairs will be acquired, which will facilitate the mapping
and identification of surface structures. 相似文献
70.
M.G. Henderson G.D. Reeves A.M. Jorgensen H.E. Spence L.A. Frank J.B. Sigwarth J.F. Fennell J.L. Roeder J.B. Blake K. Yumoto S. Bourdarie 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2000,25(12):2407-2416
The CEPPAD Imaging Proton Spectrometer on the POLAR spacecraft has proven to perform very well as an Energetic Neutral (ENA) atom imager, despite the fact that it was designed primarily for measuring energetic ions in-situ. ENAs emitted from the ring current can be detected during storm- as well as quiet-time conditions and can be monitored continuously for many hours at a time when Polar is situated in the polar cap. In addition, we are able to routinely detect ‘bursts’ of ENA emissions in response to substorm-associated ion injections. In this paper, we present ENA images of a single such event together with global auroral imager data from the POLAR VIS instrument. LANL geosynchronous energetic particle data, and ground magnetic Pi2 data in order to establish that such bursts are indeed caused by substorm injections. 相似文献