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171.
Merged series of normalized water leaving radiances obtained from multiple satellite missions for the Mediterranean Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Frédéric Mélin Giuseppe Zibordi Samuel Djavidnia 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009
Merging time series of ocean color-derived products provided by independent satellite missions supports related biogeochemical and environmental applications by combining temporally overlapping data sets and by increasing data coverage. The creation of a merged series of normalized water leaving radiances LWN, the primary ocean color product, is presented for the Mediterranean Sea using the SeaWiFS and MODIS data records. The merging relies on an optically-based technique that combines the available LWN signal in a spectrally consistent way. Validation statistics indicate uncertainties associated with the merged LWN decreasing from 23% at 412 nm to 12% in the 500- to 555-nm spectral range. The inter-comparison of the sensor-specific products, conducted at the scale of the basin for daily-to-monthly time scales, indicates an overall consistency. The level of differences varies with the wavelength considered and shows a marked seasonal cycle, with differences that tend to be higher in winter. The merged series is remarkably consistent with the sensor-specific data, with average absolute percent differences lower than 10% for all wavelengths below 555 nm. The benefit of merging in terms of sampling frequency over the basin is also illustrated. A merged series of LWN data based on the two considered missions provides valid data over 36% of the basin area on a daily basis. 相似文献
172.
Interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis: an experimental demonstration of a selective dispersal filter in planetary island biogeography 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Cockell CS Brack A Wynn-Williams DD Baglioni P Brandstätter F Demets R Edwards HG Gronstal AL Kurat G Lee P Osinski GR Pearce DA Pillinger JM Roten CA Sancisi-Frey S 《Astrobiology》2007,7(1):1-9
We launched a cryptoendolithic habitat, made of a gneissic impactite inoculated with Chroococcidiopsis sp., into Earth orbit. After orbiting the Earth for 16 days, the rock entered the Earth's atmosphere and was recovered in Kazakhstan. The heat of entry ablated and heated the rock to a temperature well above the upper temperature limit for life to below the depth at which light levels are insufficient for photosynthetic organisms ( approximately 5 mm), thus killing all of its photosynthetic inhabitants. This experiment shows that atmospheric transit acts as a strong biogeographical dispersal filter to the interplanetary transfer of photosynthesis. Following atmospheric entry we found that a transparent, glassy fusion crust had formed on the outside of the rock. Re-inoculated Chroococcidiopsis grew preferentially under the fusion crust in the relatively unaltered gneiss beneath. Organisms under the fusion grew approximately twice as fast as the organisms on the control rock. Thus, the biologically destructive effects of atmospheric transit can generate entirely novel and improved endolithic habitats for organisms on the destination planetary body that survive the dispersal filter. The experiment advances our understanding of how island biogeography works on the interplanetary scale. 相似文献
173.
Finite-Difference Modeling of Acoustic and Gravity Wave Propagation in Mars Atmosphere: Application to Infrasounds Emitted by Meteor Impacts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Garcia Raphael F. Brissaud Quentin Rolland Lucie Martin Roland Komatitsch Dimitri Spiga Aymeric Lognonné Philippe Banerdt Bruce 《Space Science Reviews》2017,213(1-4):547-643
The Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) on Juno provides the critical in situ measurements of electrons and ions needed to understand the plasma energy particles and processes that fill the Jovian magnetosphere and ultimately produce its strong aurora. JADE is an instrument suite that includes three essentially identical electron sensors (JADE-Es), a single ion sensor (JADE-I), and a highly capable Electronics Box (EBox) that resides in the Juno Radiation Vault and provides all necessary control, low and high voltages, and computing support for the four sensors. The three JADE-Es are arrayed 120° apart around the Juno spacecraft to measure complete electron distributions from ~0.1 to 100 keV and provide detailed electron pitch-angle distributions at a 1 s cadence, independent of spacecraft spin phase. JADE-I measures ions from ~5 eV to ~50 keV over an instantaneous field of view of 270°×90° in 4 s and makes observations over all directions in space each 30 s rotation of the Juno spacecraft. JADE-I also provides ion composition measurements from 1 to 50 amu with m/Δm~2.5, which is sufficient to separate the heavy and light ions, as well as O+ vs S+, in the Jovian magnetosphere. All four sensors were extensively tested and calibrated in specialized facilities, ensuring excellent on-orbit observations at Jupiter. This paper documents the JADE design, construction, calibration, and planned science operations, data processing, and data products. Finally, the Appendix describes the Southwest Research Institute [SwRI] electron calibration facility, which was developed and used for all JADE-E calibrations. Collectively, JADE provides remarkably broad and detailed measurements of the Jovian auroral region and magnetospheric plasmas, which will surely revolutionize our understanding of these important and complex regions. 相似文献
174.
Pierre Delage Foivos Karakostas Amine Dhemaied Malik Belmokhtar Philippe Lognonné Matt Golombek Emmanuel De Laure Ken Hurst Jean-Claude Dupla Sharon Kedar Yu Jun Cui Bruce Banerdt 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):191-213
In support of the InSight mission in which two instruments (the SEIS seismometer and the \(\mbox{HP}^{3}\) heat flow probe) will interact directly with the regolith on the surface of Mars, a series of mechanical tests were conducted on three different regolith simulants to better understand the observations of the physical and mechanical parameters that will be derived from InSight. The mechanical data obtained were also compared to data on terrestrial sands. The density of the regolith strongly influences its mechanical properties, as determined from the data on terrestrial sands. The elastoplastic compression volume changes were investigated through oedometer tests that also provided estimates of possible changes in density with depth. The results of direct shear tests provided values of friction angles that were compared with that of a terrestrial sand, and an extrapolation to lower density provided a friction angle compatible with that estimated from previous observations on the surface of Mars. The importance of the contracting/dilating shear volume changes of sands on the dynamic penetration of the mole was determined, with penetration facilitated by the \(\sim1.3~\mbox{Mg/m}^{3}\) density estimated at the landing site. Seismic velocities, measured by means of piezoelectric bender elements in triaxial specimens submitted to various isotropic confining stresses, show the importance of the confining stress, with lesser influence of density changes under compression. A power law relation of velocity as a function of confining stress with an exponent of 0.3 was identified from the tests, allowing an estimate of the surface seismic velocity of 150 m/s. The effect on the seismic velocity of a 10% proportion of rock in the regolith was also studied. These data will be compared with in situ data measured by InSight after landing. 相似文献
175.
Oman Charles M. Shebilske Wayne L. Richards Jason T. Tubré Travis C. Beall Andrew C. Natapoff Alan 《Spatial Cognition & Computation》2000,2(4):355-372
Human orientation and spatial cognition partlydepends on our ability to remember sets ofvisual landmarks and imagine their relationshipto us from a different viewpoint. We normallymake large body rotations only about a singleaxis which is aligned with gravity. However,astronauts who try to recognize environmentsrotated in 3 dimensions report that theirterrestrial ability to imagine the relativeorientation of remembered landmarks does noteasily generalize. The ability of humansubjects to learn to mentally rotate a simplearray of six objects around them was studied in1-G laboratory experiments. Subjects weretested in a cubic chamber (n = 73) and aequivalent virtual environment (n = 24),analogous to the interior of a space stationnode module. A picture of an object waspresented at the center of each wall. Subjectshad to memorize the spatial relationships amongthe six objects and learn to predict thedirection to a specific object if their bodywere in a specified 3D orientation. Percentcorrect learning curves and response times weremeasured. Most subjects achieved high accuracyfrom a given viewpoint within 20 trials,regardless of roll orientation, and learned asecond view direction with equal or greaterease. Performance of the subject group thatused a head mounted display/head tracker wasqualitatively similar to that of the secondgroup tested in a physical node simulator. Body position with respect to gravity had asignificant but minor effect on performance ofeach group, suggesting that results may alsoapply to weightless situations. A correlationwas found between task performance measures andconventional paper-and-pencil tests of fieldindependence and 2&3 dimensional figurerotation ability. 相似文献
176.
Secondary radioactive isotopes that are used for the determination of cosmic-ray age have relatively short decay lifetimes.
The measured abundance of these isotopes at low energies is representative of the cosmic-ray diffusion and the gas distribution
in a region of a few hundred parsecs around the Sun. We show how to determine the local cosmic-ray diffusion coefficient in
the Galaxy using the data on decaying cosmic-ray nuclei. Calculated surviving fractions of decaying secondary isotopes in
diffusion and leaky box models are presented.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
177.
A. I. Eriksson R. Boström R. Gill L. Åhlén S.-E. Jansson J.-E. Wahlund M. André A. Mälkki J. A. Holtet B. Lybekk A. Pedersen L. G. Blomberg 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):729-744
The Rosetta dual Langmuir probe instrument, LAP, utilizes the multiple powers of a pair of spherical Langmuir probes for measurements
of basic plasma parameters with the aim of providing detailed knowledge of the outgassing, ionization, and subsequent plasma
processes around the Rosetta target comet. The fundamental plasma properties to be studied are the plasma density, the electron
temperature, and the plasma flow velocity. However, study of electric fields up to 8 kHz, plasma density fluctuations, spacecraft
potential, integrated UV flux, and dust impacts is also possible. LAP is fully integrated in the Rosetta Plasma Consortium
(RPC), the instruments of which together provide a comprehensive characterization of the cometary plasma.
The LAP Team is listed in Table III. 相似文献
178.
Mohammad Ali Sharifi Ali Sam-Khaniani Mohammad Joghataei Torsten Schmidt Salim Masoumi Jens Wickert 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
Near-tropopause phenomena like upper level fronts and cyclones, penetrative cumulus convection and mesoscale mechanisms of exchange make important contributions to the mixing processes in the atmosphere. Spatio-temporal monitoring of the tropopause height, temperature and pressure is an appropriate tool to show the running processes in the atmosphere. In this study, GPS radio occultation data is used to investigate the tropopause height fluctuations and the relation between the stratosphere–troposphere exchange and the aforementioned phenomena over the Iranian region. The paper shows how the position of the sub-tropical jet has changed with time, using GPS radio occultation observations. The tropopause height changes latitudinally, and three different bimodal probability distribution functions are observed. The results also show that the mixing region in the south of Iran is associated with the subtropical jet in winter. However, this region shifts north of Iran due to changes in the position of the subtropical jet during the summer. Consistency of the mixing region from the radio occultation data and the total ozone of TOMS over the Iranian region is also observed. 相似文献
179.
The acquisition of survey knowledge for local and global landmark configurations under time pressure
Sascha Credé Tyler Thrash Christoph Hölscher Sara Irina Fabrikant 《Spatial Cognition & Computation》2019,19(3):190-219
The influence of stress states on cognition is widely recognized. However, the manner in which stress affects survey knowledge acquisition is still unresolved. For the present study, we investigated whether survey knowledge acquisition during a stressful task (i.e., under time pressure) is more accurate for the mental representation of global or local landmarks. Participants navigated through virtual cities with a navigation aid and explicit learning instructions for different landmark configurations. Participants’ judgments of relative direction (JRDs) suggest that global landmark configurations were not represented more accurately than local landmark configurations and that survey knowledge acquisition was not impaired under time pressure. In contrast to prior findings, our results indicate the limitations of the utility of global landmarks for spatial knowledge acquisition. 相似文献
180.
Naomi Murdoch David Mimoun Raphael F. Garcia William Rapin Taichi Kawamura Philippe Lognonné Don Banfield W. Bruce Banerdt 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):429-455
The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structures) instrument onboard the InSight mission to Mars is the critical instrument for determining the interior structure of Mars, the current level of tectonic activity and the meteorite flux. Meeting the performance requirements of the SEIS instrument is vital to successfully achieve these mission objectives. Here we analyse in-situ wind measurements from previous Mars space missions to understand the wind environment that we are likely to encounter on Mars, and then we use an elastic ground deformation model to evaluate the mechanical noise contributions on the SEIS instrument due to the interaction between the Martian winds and the InSight lander. Lander mechanical noise maps that will be used to select the best deployment site for SEIS once the InSight lander arrives on Mars are also presented. We find the lander mechanical noise may be a detectable signal on the InSight seismometers. However, for the baseline SEIS deployment position, the noise is expected to be below the total noise requirement \(>97~\%\) of the time and is, therefore, not expected to endanger the InSight mission objectives. 相似文献