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21.
22.
F. Ramírez-Martínez C. Lacroûte P. Rosenbusch F. Reinhard C. Deutsch T. Schneider J. Reichel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
We present a compact atomic frequency standard based on the interrogation of magnetically trapped 87Rb atoms. Two photons, in the microwave and radiofrequency domain excite the atomic transition. At a magnetic field of 3.23 G this transition from ∣F = 1, mF = −1〉 to ∣F = 2, mF = 1〉 is 1st order insensitive to magnetic field variations. Long Ramsey interrogation times can thus be achieved, leading to a projected stability in the low 10−13 at 1 s. This makes this device a viable alternative to LITE and HORACE as a good candidate for replacing or complementing the rubidium frequency standards and passive hydrogen masers already on board of the GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO satellites. Here we present preliminary results. We use an atom chip to cool and trap the atoms. A coplanar waveguide is integrated to the chip to carry the Ramsey interrogation signal, making the physics package potentially as small as (5 cm)3. We describe the experimental apparatus and show preliminary Ramsey fringes of 1.25 Hz linewidth. We also show a preliminary frequency stability σy = 1.5 × 10−12τ−1/2 for 10 < τ < 103 s. This represents one order of magnitude improvement with respect to previous experiments. 相似文献
23.
One of the Skylab experiments dealt with motion sickness, comparing susceptibility in the workshop aloft with susceptibility preflight and postflight. Tests were conducted on and after mission-day 8 (MD 8) by which time the astronauts were adapted to working conditions. Stressful accelerations were generated by requiring the astronauts, with eyes covered, to execute standardized head movements (front, back, left, and right) while in a chair that could be rotated at angular velocities up to 30 rpm. The selected endpoint was either 150 discrete head movements or a very mild level of motion sickness. In all rotation experiments aloft, the five astronauts tested (astronaut 1 did not participate) were virtually symptom free, thus demonstrating lower susceptibility aloft than in preflight and postflight tests on the ground when symptoms were always elicited. Inasmuch as the eyes were covered and the canalicular stimuli were the same aloft as on the ground, it would appear that lifting the stimulus to the otolith organs due to gravity was an important factor in reducing susceptibility to motion sickness even though the transient stimuli generated under the test conditions were substantial and abnormal in pattern. Some of the astronauts experienced motion sickness under operational conditions aloft or after splashdown, but attention is centered chiefly on symptoms manifested in zero gravity. None of the Skylab-II crew (astronauts 1 to 3) was motion sick aloft. Astronaut 6 of the Skylab-III crew (astronauts 4 to 6) experienced motion sickness within an hour after transition into orbit; this constitutes the earliest such diagnosis on record under orbital flight conditions. The eliciting stimuli were associated with head and body movements, and astronaut 6 obtained relief by avoiding such movements and by one dose of the drug combination 1-scopolamine 0.35 mg + d-amphetamine 5.0 mg. All three astronauts of Skylab-III experienced motion sickness in the workshop where astronaut 6 was most susceptible and astronaut 4, least susceptible. The higher susceptibility of SL-III crewmen in the workshop, as compared with SL-II crewmen, may be attributable to the fact that they were based in the command module less than one-third as long as SL-II crewmen. The unnatural movements, often resembling acrobatics, permitted in the open spaces of the workshop revealed the great potentialities in weightlessness for generating complex interactions of abnormal or unusual vestibular and visual stimuli. Symptoms were controlled by body restraint and by drugs, but high susceptibility to motion sickness persisted for 3 days and probably much longer; restoration was complete on MD 7. From the foregoing statements it is clear that on and after MD 8 the susceptibility of SL-II and SL-III crewmen to motion sickness under experimental conditions was indistinguishable. The role played by the acquisition of adaptation effects prior to MD 8 is less clear and is a subject to be discussed. 相似文献
24.
F. Bagenal A. Adriani F. Allegrini S. J. Bolton B. Bonfond E. J. Bunce J. E. P. Connerney S. W. H. Cowley R. W. Ebert G. R. Gladstone C. J. Hansen W. S. Kurth S. M. Levin B. H. Mauk D. J. McComas C. P. Paranicas D. Santos-Costa R. M. Thorne P. Valek J. H. Waite P. Zarka 《Space Science Reviews》2017,213(1-4):219-287
In July 2016, NASA’s Juno mission becomes the first spacecraft to enter polar orbit of Jupiter and venture deep into unexplored polar territories of the magnetosphere. Focusing on these polar regions, we review current understanding of the structure and dynamics of the magnetosphere and summarize the outstanding issues. The Juno mission profile involves (a) a several-week approach from the dawn side of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, with an orbit-insertion maneuver on July 6, 2016; (b) a 107-day capture orbit, also on the dawn flank; and (c) a series of thirty 11-day science orbits with the spacecraft flying over Jupiter’s poles and ducking under the radiation belts. We show how Juno’s view of the magnetosphere evolves over the year of science orbits. The Juno spacecraft carries a range of instruments that take particles and fields measurements, remote sensing observations of auroral emissions at UV, visible, IR and radio wavelengths, and detect microwave emission from Jupiter’s radiation belts. We summarize how these Juno measurements address issues of auroral processes, microphysical plasma physics, ionosphere-magnetosphere and satellite-magnetosphere coupling, sources and sinks of plasma, the radiation belts, and the dynamics of the outer magnetosphere. To reach Jupiter, the Juno spacecraft passed close to the Earth on October 9, 2013, gaining the necessary energy to get to Jupiter. The Earth flyby provided an opportunity to test Juno’s instrumentation as well as take scientific data in the terrestrial magnetosphere, in conjunction with ground-based and Earth-orbiting assets. 相似文献
25.
The transport characteristics of macroparticles, charged by the solar radiation under microgravity conditions, were investigated by analyzing the videorecords of experiments carried out onboard the Mirorbital station. The temperature, distributions of velocities, charge, friction coefficient, and diffusion coefficient were obtained for bronze particles. 相似文献
26.
基于非交错有限体积格式和 k-ω 湍流模型模拟叶栅湍流分离流动 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
发展了一种求解任意坐标系下二维N-S方程的非交错有限体积法和一种高阶TVD对流格式。采用一种k-ω湍流模型和几种不同的k-ω模型对叶栅湍流分离流动进行了详细的分析。数值结果与得到的实验结果比较表明,此方法不仅精度高,而且具有较好的数值稳定性。 相似文献
27.
F A Cucinotta W Schimmerling J W Wilson L E Peterson P B Saganti J F Dicello 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(6):1383-1389
Methods used to project risks in low-Earth orbit are of questionable merit for exploration missions because of the limited radiobiology data and knowledge of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) heavy ions, which causes estimates of the risk of late effects to be highly uncertain. Risk projections involve a product of many biological and physical factors, each of which has a differential range of uncertainty due to lack of data and knowledge. Using the linear-additivity model for radiation risks, we use Monte-Carlo sampling from subjective uncertainty distributions in each factor to obtain an estimate of the overall uncertainty in risk projections. The resulting methodology is applied to several human space exploration mission scenarios including a deep space outpost and Mars missions of duration of 360, 660, and 1000 days. The major results are the quantification of the uncertainties in current risk estimates, the identification of factors that dominate risk projection uncertainties, and the development of a method to quantify candidate approaches to reduce uncertainties or mitigate risks. The large uncertainties in GCR risk projections lead to probability distributions of risk that mask any potential risk reduction using the "optimization" of shielding materials or configurations. In contrast, the design of shielding optimization approaches for solar particle events and trapped protons can be made at this time and promising technologies can be shown to have merit using our approach. The methods used also make it possible to express risk management objectives in terms of quantitative metrics, e.g., the number of days in space without exceeding a given risk level within well-defined confidence limits. 相似文献
28.
Linear cascade testing plays an important role in the research and development of turbomachinery and is widely used over the world.The ideal cascade model of a turbomachinery blade row is two-dimensional.In actual linear cascade testing, the flow through the test section converges due to the development of the boundary layer and secondary flow along the sidewall surfaces of the test section.Axial velocity density ratio(AVDR) is adopted to account for the deviation of the tested cascade flow from the ideal 2D model.Among numerous published cascade works, the influence of AVDR on cascade performance is seen to be complicated with many affecting factors, such as those related to cascade/blade geometry and flow conditions.Also, controlling AVDR is limited by the facility capability.Furthermore, real blade-to-blade flow in turbomachines is usually associated with AVDR greater than unity due to limited span of blades between the hub and shroud such that cascade testing without reducing AVDR could be favored sometimes.All these facets add complexity and diversification to the matter.The current paper reviews previous studies and results on AVDR.Consolidated understanding on the role of AVDR and recommendations on how to deal with it in linear cascade testing are provided. 相似文献
29.
J.R. Cecatto H.S. Sawant F.C.R. Fernandes V. Krishan J.A.C.F. Neri J.C. Moraes Filho 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2003,32(12):2533-2537
Type-III bursts are signatures of the electron beams accelerated during the solar flares, their observation and investigation provide information of the acceleration processes, the characteristics of the exciting agent and the acceleration site. The Brazilian Solar Spectroscope (BSS), in operation at INPE, Brazil, have recorded type-III radio bursts in decimetric range (2050–2250 MHz) with high time resolution of 20 ms. Decimetric reverse drift bursts are possibly generated in a dense loop by electron beams travelling towards the photosphere. Hence their time profiles should carry signatures of the density inhomogenities in the loop. Here the temporal and spectral characteristics of decimetric type-III bursts are presented. 相似文献
30.
Israel G. Cabane M. Brun J-F. Niemann H. Way S. Riedler W. Steller M. Raulin F. Coscia D. 《Space Science Reviews》2002,104(1-4):433-468
ACP's main objective is the chemical analysis of the aerosols in Titan's atmosphere. For this purpose, it will sample the
aerosols during descent and prepare the collected matter (by evaporation, pyrolysis and gas products transfer) for analysis
by the Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GCMS). A sampling system is required for sampling the aerosols in the
135'32 km and 22'17 km altitude regions of Titan's atmosphere. A pump unit is used to force the gas flow through a filter.
In its sampling position, the filter front face extends a few mm beyond the inlet tube. The oven is a pyrolysis furnace where
a heating element can heat the filter and hence the sampled aerosols to 250 °C or 600 °C. The oven contains the filter, which
has a thimble-like shape (height 28 mm). For transferring effluent gas and pyrolysis products to GCMS, the carrier gas is
a labeled nitrogen 15N2, to avoid unwanted secondary reactions with Titan's atmospheric nitrogen.
Aeraulic tests under cold temperature conditions were conducted by using a cold gas test system developed by ONERA. The objective
of the test was to demonstrate the functional ability of the instrument during the descent of the probe and to understand
its thermal behavior, that is to test the performance of all its components, pump unit and mechanisms.
In order to validate ACP's scientific performance, pyrolysis tests were conducted at LISA on solid phase material synthesized
from experimental simulation. The chromatogram obtained by GCMS analysis shows many organic compounds. Some GC peaks appear
clearly from the total mass spectra, with specific ions well identified thanks to the very high sensitivity of the mass spectrometer.
The program selected for calibrating the flight model is directly linked to the GCMS calibration plan. In order not to pollute
the two flight models with products of solid samples such as tholins, we excluded any direct pyrolysis tests through the ACP
oven during the first phase of the calibration. Post probe descent simulation of flight results are planned, using the much
representative GCMS and ACP spare models.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献