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We calculate the conditions of pickup protons inside the termination shock. Outside 50 AU the partial pressure of pickup protons is greater than the magnetic pressure by a factor of > 10, and greater than the partial pressure of solar wind protons by a factor of > 100. Thus, pickup protons have a significant dynamical influence on the structures of the solar wind in the outer heliosphere. 相似文献
685.
Lohr D. A. Zanetti L. J. Anderson B. J. Potemra T. A. Hayes J. R. Gold R. E. Henshaw R. M. Mobley F. F. Holland D. B. Acuña M. H. Scheifele J. L. 《Space Science Reviews》1997,82(1-2):255-281
The primary objective of the investigation is the search for a body-wide magnetic field of the near Earth asteroid Eros. The Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) 3-axis fluxgate magnetometer includes a sensor mounted on the high-gain antenna feed structure. The NEAR Magnetic Facility Instrument (MFI) is a joint hardware effort between GSFC and APL. The design and magnetics approach achieved by the NEAR MFI effort entailed low-cost, up-front attention to engineering solutions which did not impact the schedule. The goal of the magnetometer is reliable magnetic field measurements within 5 nT, which necessitates the use of an extensive spacecraft magnetic interference model but is achievable with the full year's orbital data set. Such a goal has been shown viable with recent in-flight calibration data and comparisons to the WIND magnetometer data. The NEAR MFI effort has succeeded in providing magnetic field measurements for the first flight in NASA's Discovery line. 相似文献
686.
N.U. Crooker J.T. Gosling V. Bothmer R.J. Forsyth P.R. Gazis A. Hewish T.S. Horbury D.S. Intriligator J.R. Jokipii J. Kóta A.J. Lazarus M.A. Lee E. Lucek E. Marsch A. Posner I.G. Richardson E.C. Roelof J.M. Schmidt G.L. Siscoe B.T. Tsurutani R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber 《Space Science Reviews》1999,89(1-2):179-220
Corotating interaction regions (CIRs) in the middle heliosphere have distinct morphological features and associated patterns
of turbulence and energetic particles. This report summarizes current understanding of those features and patterns, discusses
how they can vary from case to case and with distance from the Sun and possible causes of those variations, presents an analytical
model of the morphological features found in earlier qualitative models and numerical simulations, and identifies aspects
of the features and patterns that have yet to be resolved.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
687.
688.
The ACE Magnetic Fields Experiment 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Smith C.W. L'Heureux J. Ness N.F. Acuña M.H. Burlaga L.F. Scheifele J. 《Space Science Reviews》1998,86(1-4):613-632
The magnetic field experiment on ACE provides continuous measurements of the local magnetic field in the interplanetary medium.
These measurements are essential in the interpretation of simultaneous ACE observations of energetic and thermal particles
distributions. The experiment consists of a pair of twin, boom- mounted, triaxial fluxgate sensors which are located 165 inches
(=4.19 m) from the center of the spacecraft on opposing solar panels. The electronics and digital processing unit (DPU) is
mounted on the top deck of the spacecraft. The two triaxial sensors provide a balanced, fully redundant vector instrument
and permit some enhanced assessment of the spacecraft's magnetic field. The instrument provides data for Browse and high-level
products with between 3 and 6 vector s−1 resolution for continuous coverage of the interplanetary magnetic field. Two high-resolution
snapshot buffers each hold 297 s of 24 vector s−1 data while on- board Fast Fourier Transforms extend the continuous data
to 12 Hz resolution. Real-time observations with 1-s resolution are provided continuously to the Space Environmental Center
(SEC) of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) for near- instantaneous, world-wide dissemination in
service to space weather studies. As has been our team's tradition, high instrument reliability is obtained by the use of
fully redundant systems and extremely conservative designs. We plan studies of the interplanetary medium in support of the
fundamental goals of the ACE mission and cooperative studies with other ACE investigators using the combined ACE dataset as
well as other ISTP spacecraft involved in the general program of Sun-Earth Connections.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
689.
CFAR behavior of adaptive detectors: an experimental analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
De Maio A. Foglia G. Conte E. Farina A. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2005,41(1):233-251
We conduct an experimental analysis for assessing the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) behavior of four coherent adaptive radar detectors in the presence of experimentally measured clutter data. To this end we exploit several data files containing both land, lake, and mixed land and sea clutter, collected by two radar systems (the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Phase-One radar and the McMaster IPIX radar) at different polarizations, range resolutions, and frequency bands. The results show that all the receivers, in the presence of real data, don't respect their nominal probability of false alarm (P/sub fa/), namely they exhibit a false alarm rate higher than the value preassigned at the design stage. Nevertheless one of them, the recursive persymmetric adaptive normalized matched filter (RP-ANMF) is very robust, in the sense that it presents an acceptable displacement from the nominal P/sub fa/, in correspondence of all the analyzed scenarios. 相似文献
690.
Hernandez M. Ristic B. Farina A. Sathyan T. Kirubarajan T. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2008,44(2):724-747
This paper considers the theoretical posterior Cramer-Rao lower bound (PCRLB) for the case of tracking a manoeuvring target with Markovian switching dynamics. In a recent article [2] it was proposed to calculate the PCRLB conditional on the manoeuvre sequence and then determine the bound as a weighted average, giving an unconditional PCRLB. However, we demonstrate that this approach can produce an overly optimistic lower bound, because the sequence of manoeuvres is implicitly assumed known. Motivated by this, we develop a general approach and derive a closed-form estimate of the PCRLB in the case of Markovian switching systems. The basis of the approach is to, at each time step, replace the multi-modal prior target probability density function (pdf) with a best-fitting Gaussian (BFG) approximation. We present a recursive formula for calculating the mean and covariance of this Gaussian distribution, and demonstrate how the covariance increases as a result of the potential manoeuvres. We are then able to calculate the PCRLB for this BFG model using an existing Riccati-like recursion. Because of the BFG approximation, we are no longer guaranteed a bound and so we refer to our estimate as an "error performance measure" rather than a bound. The presented approach is applied both to filtering and smoothing cases. The simulation results indicate a very close agreement between the proposed performance measure and the error performance of an interacting multiple model estimator. 相似文献