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591.
The Magnetospheric Multiscale Magnetometers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
C. T. Russell B. J. Anderson W. Baumjohann K. R. Bromund D. Dearborn D. Fischer G. Le H. K. Leinweber D. Leneman W. Magnes J. D. Means M. B. Moldwin R. Nakamura D. Pierce F. Plaschke K. M. Rowe J. A. Slavin R. J. Strangeway R. Torbert C. Hagen I. Jernej A. Valavanoglou I. Richter 《Space Science Reviews》2016,199(1-4):189-256
The success of the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission depends on the accurate measurement of the magnetic field on all four spacecraft. To ensure this success, two independently designed and built fluxgate magnetometers were developed, avoiding single-point failures. The magnetometers were dubbed the digital fluxgate (DFG), which uses an ASIC implementation and was supplied by the Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the analogue magnetometer (AFG) with a more traditional circuit board design supplied by the University of California, Los Angeles. A stringent magnetic cleanliness program was executed under the supervision of the Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory. To achieve mission objectives, the calibration determined on the ground will be refined in space to ensure all eight magnetometers are precisely inter-calibrated. Near real-time data plays a key role in the transmission of high-resolution observations stored on board so rapid processing of the low-resolution data is required. This article describes these instruments, the magnetic cleanliness program, and the instrument pre-launch calibrations, the planned in-flight calibration program, and the information flow that provides the data on the rapid time scale needed for mission success. 相似文献
592.
The structure of Swerling's 1957 model for fluctuating radar cross section and signal amplitude is examined prinwrily in terms of mixture representations. The authors also show the relationship of Nakagami's m distrubution to Swerling's amplitude distribution, and Nakagami's q distribution (Hoyt vector density) is reduced to the Swerling distribution. Nonuniform phase distributions associated with Swerling's functions are also derived. Results are given when Swerling's amplitude density is used as a prior distribution with Bennett's (Rice's) distribution for the amplitude of a sine wave plus narrowband Gaussian noise. 相似文献
593.
Joseph F. Dolan 《Space Science Reviews》1967,6(5):579-600
The processes by which X-radiation may be emitted by celestial sources are investigated, and the net polarization such radiation would possess is predicted. The amount of polarization observed at the Earth would depend both on the mechanism producing the radiation and on the fractional extent of the source over which it is coherently polarized. Highly polarized X-radiation would suggest synchrotron emission as the source mechanism. Radiation whose polarization is low but nonzero would be produced by synchrotron emission from a source whose magnetic fields are inhomogeneous on a large scale, or by bremsstrahlung of electrons whose velocity vectors lie in one predominant direction. Nonobservable polarization would result from sources of synchrotron radiation whose magnetic fields show small-scale irregularities, from the bremsstrahlung of electrons whose velocity vectors are either random or spherically symmetric in direction over the entire source, or from sources whose mechanism of producing the radiation imparts no net polarization, e.g., thermal radiation from neutron stars, line radiation from electronic shell transitions within atoms, and the inverse Compton effect. Measurement of the net polarization of the X-rays from the several known celestial sources could thus lead to the specification of the mechanisms capable of producing the radiation from such sources. 相似文献
594.
STADAR is a Servo Tester with Automatic Data Acquisition and Reduction developed for the Apollo program. This paper describes the operational capability of STADAR and discusses certain aspects of the design. STADAR evaluates system performance by supplying an input stimuli and two data acquisition and analysis channels. Stimuli (0.02-30 c/s 0-10 V peak) are automatically programmed to a frequency accuracy of ±0.01 percent and an amplitude accuracy of ± 0.1 percent. Data acquisition accuracy is 0.1 percent or 50 microvolts. System design utilizes programmable data filters to improve system S/N ratio. Active filter mechanization methods and results are presented as well as techniques for instantaneous precise generation of stimuli which are automatically programmed. 相似文献
595.
Hart Walter G. McGowan Gerald F. DuPont T. E. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1968,(4):592-606
The design of an adaptive tracking filter control system and its application to large flexible booster vehicles is described. The problem of elastic vehicle stability is considered along with its solution by conventional and adaptive techniques. The improvement in vehicle stability, which may be achieved with the adaptive tracking filter technique as compared to conventional techniques, is shown. The control system evolved uses two adaptive tracking filters to phase stabilize the first and second bending modes, in addition to conventional compensation techniques. The application of this adaptive technique to a vehicle in which the modal frequencies are in close proximity (<2.5 percent separation) is discussed. The mechanization of the adaptive control system involves the selection of design techniques and components that are electrically and physically compatible with the intended airborne application. The development of a suitable frequency tracking technique and tracking filter is described, in addition to the electronic and mechanical design of the adaptive control system prototype. 相似文献
596.
F.J. Montojo T. López Moratalla C. Abad 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
In the project titled “Astrometric Positioning of Geostationary Satellite” (PASAGE), carried out by the Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (ROA), optical observation techniques were developed to allow satellites to be located in the geostationary ring with angular accuracies of up to a few tenths of an arcsec. These techniques do not necessarily require the use of large telescopes or especially dark areas, and furthermore, because optical observation is a passive method, they could be directly applicable to the detection and monitoring of passive objects such as space debris in the geostationary ring. 相似文献
597.
Beginning in 1990, the major automotive passenger vehicle manufacturers once again re-evaluated the potential of the battery powered electric vehicle (EV). This intensive effort to reduce the battery EV to commercial practice focused attention on the key issue of limited vehicle range, resulting from the low energy density and high mass characteristics of batteries, in comparison to the high energy density of liquid hydrocarbon (HC) fuels. Consequently, by 1995, vehicle manufacturers turned their attention to hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This redirection of EV effort was highlighted finally in 1997, at the 57th Frankfurt Motor Show, the Audi Duo parallel type hybrid was released for the domestic market as a 1998 model vehicle. Also at the 1997 32nd Tokyo Motor Show, Toyota Hybrid System (THS) Prius was released for the domestic market as a production 1998 model vehicle. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the key features of these two 1998 model year production hybrid systems. Among the conclusions, two issues are evident: one, the major manufacturers have turned to the hybrid concept in their search for solutions to the key EV issues of limited range; and, heating/air conditioning; and two, the focus is now on introducing hybrid EV for test marketing domestically 相似文献
598.
599.
Altwegg K. Ehrenfreund P. Geiss J. Huebner W.F. Levasseur-Regourd A.-C. 《Space Science Reviews》1999,90(1-2):373-389
A major objective of the workshop was to learn about the chemical composition, physical structure, and thermodynamic conditions
of the outer parts of the solar nebula where comets formed. Here we sum up what we have learned from years of research about
the molecular constituents of comet comae primarily from in situ measurements of Comet 1P/Halley and remote sensing of Comets 1P/Halley, Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1), and Hyakutake (C/1996 B2).
These three bright comets are presumably captured Oort cloud comets. We summarize the analyses of these data to predict the
composition of comet nuclei and project them further to the composition, structure, and thermodynamic conditions in the nebula.
Near-future comet missions are directed toward less active short-period Jupiter-family comets. Thus, future analyses will
afford a better understanding of the diversity of these two major groups of comets and their respective regions of origin
in the solar or presolar nebula.
We conclude with recommendations for determining critical data needed to aid in further analyses. Results of the workshop
provide new guidelines and constraints for modeling the solar nebula.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
600.
W. I. Axford J. F. McKenzie G. V. Sukhorukova M. Banaszkiewicz A. Czechowski R. Ratkiewicz 《Space Science Reviews》1999,87(1-2):25-41
We outline a theory for the origin and acceleration of the fast solar wind as a consequence of network microflares releasing
a spectrum of high frequency Alfvén waves which heat (by cyclotron absorption) the corona close to the Sun. The significant
features of our model of the fast wind are that the acceleration is rapid with the sonic point at around two solar radii,
the proton temperatures are high (~ 5 million degrees) and the minor ions are correspondingly hotter, roughly in proportion
to their mass. Moreover we argue that since the energy flux needed to power the quiet corona in closed field regions is about
the same as that needed to drive the fast solar wind, and also because at deeper levels (< 2 × 105 K) there is no great difference in the properties of supergranules and network in closed and open field regions, the heating
process (i.e., dissipation of high frequency waves) must be the same in both cases.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献