Calibration of the Mars Science Laboratory Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer

The alpha-particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission was calibrated for routine analysis of: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, and Y. The following elements were also calibrated, but may be too low to be measured (10s–100s ppm) for their usual abundance on Mars: V, Cu, Ga, As, Se and W. An extensive suite of geological reference materials, supplemented by pure chemical elements and compounds was used. Special attention was paid to include phyllosilicates, sulfates and a broad selection of basalts as these are predicted minerals and rocks at the Gale Crater landing site. The calibration approach is from first principles, using fundamental physics parameters and an assumed homogeneous sample matrix to calculate expected elemental signals for a given instrument setup and sample composition. Resulting concentrations for most elements accord with expected values. Deviations in elements of lower atomic number (Na, Mg, Al) indicate significant influences of mineral phases, especially in basalts, ultramafic rocks and trachytes. The systematics of these deviations help us to derive empirical, iterative corrections for different rock groups, based on a preliminary APXS analysis which assumes a homogeneous sample. These corrections have the potential to significantly improve the accuracy of APXS analyses, especially when other MSL instrument results, such as the X-ray diffraction data from CheMin, are included in the overall analysis process.     

低密度烧蚀材料高温气动剪切试验研究

利用超声速平板试验技术,对两种低密度烧蚀材料在高焓、低热流(气流剪切力70 N/m~2,冷壁热流密度200 kW/m~2,气流总焓12 MJ/kg,压力1 kPa,试验时间300 s)条件下进行了高温气动剪切试验.试验中通过试验件的不同安装方式,综合考核了材料的性能及工艺.结果表明:两种低密度烧蚀材料试验过程中无明显剥蚀,表面碳层完整,材料的抗剪切性能较好,两种材料表面烧蚀较为均匀,材料间的粘接缝没有明显的开裂,也没有出现冲刷凹槽,材料的热匹配性能较好;材料与底板之间没有脱落现象,粘接工艺较好.     

航天器异种金属钎焊接头静态裂纹行为分析

采用高频感应钎焊方法连接了航天推进系统的异种金属(钛合金与不锈钢)薄壁小直径导管结构,结构的质量和性能远远优于螺栓连接的导管结构.钎焊接头静态拉伸试验发现,银基钎料钎焊的接头承载能力要优于铜基钎料.对静态拉伸断裂接头的微观组织进行了分析,结果发现,银基钎料钎焊的接头区域出现的裂纹仅在钎缝区域萌生和扩展,当裂纹扩展到钎缝与母材的界面位置时停止扩展.铜基钎料钎焊的接头区域的裂纹从3个位置萌生:钎缝2种组织的交界处,钎缝与钛合金、不锈钢的界面.裂纹驱动力主要是由静态拉伸载荷和异种金属钎焊接头失配行为构成的,而裂纹扩展抗力主要与钎焊接头的微观组织有关.     

联合射流控制技术的增升效果和机理

数值模拟联合射流翼型的绕流,研究联合射流控制技术的增升效果和机理.主控方程选为定常可压缩流动的质量加权平均N-S方程和S-A湍流模型,使用Fluent软件进行数值求解.计算结果表明,联合射流控制技术可以有效地减小翼型的零升迎角、提高翼型的最大升力系数和失速迎角.通过理论分析,揭示了联合射流控制技术的增升机理,即通过增加翼型上表面的流速从而增大绕翼型的环量,通过向边界层内注入能量从而延迟翼型大迎角下的流动分离.     

Recent Progress in Physics-Based Models of the Plasmasphere

We describe recent progress in physics-based models of the plasmasphere using the fluid and the kinetic approaches. Global modeling of the dynamics and influence of the plasmasphere is presented. Results from global plasmasphere simulations are used to understand and quantify (i) the electric potential pattern and evolution during geomagnetic storms, and (ii) the influence of the plasmasphere on the excitation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and precipitation of energetic ions in the inner magnetosphere. The interactions of the plasmasphere with the ionosphere and the other regions of the magnetosphere are pointed out. We show the results of simulations for the formation of the plasmapause and discuss the influence of plasmaspheric wind and of ultra low frequency (ULF) waves for transport of plasmaspheric material. Theoretical models used to describe the electric field and plasma distribution in the plasmasphere are presented. Model predictions are compared to recent Cluster and Image observations, but also to results of earlier models and satellite observations.     

Transverse Oscillations of Coronal Loops

On 14 July 1998 TRACE observed transverse oscillations of a coronal loop generated by an external disturbance most probably caused by a solar flare. These oscillations were interpreted as standing fast kink waves in a magnetic flux tube. Firstly, in this review we embark on the discussion of the theory of waves and oscillations in a homogeneous straight magnetic cylinder with the particular emphasis on fast kink waves. Next, we consider the effects of stratification, loop expansion, loop curvature, non-circular cross-section, loop shape and magnetic twist. An important property of observed transverse coronal loop oscillations is their fast damping. We briefly review the different mechanisms suggested for explaining the rapid damping phenomenon. After that we concentrate on damping due to resonant absorption. We describe the latest analytical results obtained with the use of thin transition layer approximation, and then compare these results with numerical findings obtained for arbitrary density variation inside the flux tube. Very often collective oscillations of an array of coronal magnetic loops are observed. It is natural to start studying this phenomenon from the system of two coronal loops. We describe very recent analytical and numerical results of studying collective oscillations of two parallel homogeneous coronal loops. The implication of the theoretical results for coronal seismology is briefly discussed. We describe the estimates of magnetic field magnitude obtained from the observed fundamental frequency of oscillations, and the estimates of the coronal scale height obtained using the simultaneous observations of the fundamental frequency and the frequency of the first overtone of kink oscillations. In the last part of the review we summarise the most outstanding and acute problems in the theory of the coronal loop transverse oscillations.     

多机协同与多目标分配任务规划方法

多架飞机攻击多个目标区域是现代作战方式的重要特征,多机协同与多目标分配问题是提高团队作战效能的关键.针对该问题,综合考虑飞机能力差异、协同方式和任务环境的变化,提出多机协同目标分配的任务规划方法.建立了基于能力裕度评价的多机协同目标分配问题的数学模型.对多目标分配问题,通过约束飞机的能力裕度对分配方案进行筛选,保证在战场环境发生改变时任务兵力的完整性.仿真结果表明,采用这种方法得到的目标分配方案,适应任务目标突发性变化的能力更强.     

扰流板进气总压畸变试验

在吊舱进气道进口安装扰流板进行试验,研究扰流板进气畸变的影响因素及总压畸变特征。试验得到了进气道出口若干马赫数下进气总压畸变的定量数据,研究了进气道出口压力分布和畸变指数随飞行马赫数、扰流板堵塞比、进气道出口马赫数的变化关系。试验结果表明：进气道出口对应点总压恢复系数随扰流板堵塞比和进气道出口马赫数的减小而增大,几乎不随飞行马赫数发生变化;受扰流板、飞行侧滑角以及发动机低压转子转向影响,进气道出口局部区域存在高压区,高压区域的大小和位置随飞行马赫数、扰流板堵塞比、进气道出口马赫数的变化而变化;各总压畸变指数随扰流板堵塞比和进气道出口马赫数增大而增大,飞行马赫数对畸变指数影响很小。同时,数值计算了不同飞行马赫数下进气道出口总压畸变特征及周向稳态畸变指数,与试验结果结论一致,验证了试验结果的可靠性,也证明了数值计算在总压畸变研究中的有效性。研究工作为进一步的空中逼喘试验奠定了基础。     

舰载机起飞时机辅助决策系统建模

 由于航母扰动会影响舰载机起飞安全,而仅依靠个人经验决策起飞时机存在较大误差,因此提出了舰载机起飞时机辅助决策系统的概念并建立模型。通过分析航母运动对舰载机起飞的影响机理,选择飞机离舰爬升率作为评价起飞安全性的关键参数;结合舰载机起飞作业程序,确立起飞时机决策方法;在此基础上,利用人工神经网络的预测能力并结合有利/不利起飞时机的特征,建立舰载机起飞时机辅助决策系统模型。仿真结果表明,系统模型能够有效地为起飞指挥官提供辅助决策信息,提高舰载机起飞安全性。     

基于RoeM格式思想的激波稳定格式构造

Roe格式有着较高的黏性分辨率以及间断分辨率,但它在实际流动模拟时很容易出现激波不稳定现象.此外,它在无黏定常计算时无法保证总焓守恒.为了在保留Roe格式分辨率高的优点基础上改善其上述缺陷,将RoeM格式与高阶激波判别方法相结合,提出了RoeMW1,RoeMW2格式.计算结果表明,在流动较为简单的情况下提出的RoeMW1, RoeMW2 格式可以有效避免激波不稳定现象的出现且保持总焓守恒.而在一些较为复杂的流动结构计算中,虽然比之于RoeM格式均有所改善,但在RoeMW1基础上改进的RoeMW2格式在间断模拟时鲁棒性更强.