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411.
412.
J. C. Raymond 《Space Science Reviews》1999,87(1-2):55-66
Order of magnitude variations in relative elemental abundances are observed in the solar corona and solar wind. The instruments
aboard SOHO make it possible to explore these variations in detail to determine whether they arise near the solar surface
or higher in the corona. A substantial enhancement of low First Ionization Potential (FIP) elements relative to high FIP elements
is often seen in both the corona and the solar wind, and that must arise in the chromosphere. Several theoretical models have
been put forward to account for the FIP effect, but as yet even the basic physical mechanism responsible remains an open question.
Evidence for gravitational settling is also found at larger heights in quiescent streamers. The question is why the heavier
elements don't settle out completely.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
413.
2001 Mars Odyssey Mission Summary 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Saunders R.S. Arvidson R.E. Badhwar G.D. Boynton W.V. Christensen P.R. Cucinotta F.A. Feldman W.C. Gibbs R.G. Kloss C. Landano M.R. Mase R.A. McSmith G.W. Meyer M.A. Mitrofanov I.G. Pace G.D. Plaut J.J. Sidney W.P. Spencer D.A. Thompson T.W. Zeitlin C.J. 《Space Science Reviews》2004,110(1-2):1-36
The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, now in orbit at Mars, will observe the Martian surface at infrared and visible wavelengths to determine surface mineralogy and morphology, acquire global gamma ray and neutron observations for a full Martian year, and study the Mars radiation environment from orbit. The science objectives of this mission are to: (1) globally map the elemental composition of the surface, (2) determine the abundance of hydrogen in the shallow subsurface, (3) acquire high spatial and spectral resolution images of the surface mineralogy, (4) provide information on the morphology of the surface, and (5) characterize the Martian near-space radiation environment as related to radiation-induced risk to human explorers. To accomplish these objectives, the 2001 Mars Odyssey science payload includes a Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS), a multi-spectral Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and a radiation detector, the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE). THEMIS and MARIE are mounted on the spacecraft with THEMIS pointed at nadir. GRS is a suite of three instruments: a Gamma Subsystem (GSS), a Neutron Spectrometer (NS) and a High-Energy Neutron Detector (HEND). The HEND and NS instruments are mounted on the spacecraft body while the GSS is on a 6-m boom. Some science data were collected during the cruise and aerobraking phases of the mission before the prime mission started. THEMIS acquired infrared and visible images of the Earth-Moon system and of the southern hemisphere of Mars. MARIE monitored the radiation environment during cruise. The GRS collected calibration data during cruise and aerobraking. Early GRS observations in Mars orbit indicated a hydrogen-rich layer in the upper meter of the subsurface in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, atmospheric densities, scale heights, temperatures, and pressures were observed by spacecraft accelerometers during aerobraking as the spacecraft skimmed the upper portions of the Martian atmosphere. This provided the first in-situ evidence of winter polar warming in the Mars upper atmosphere. The prime mission for 2001 Mars Odyssey began in February 2002 and will continue until August 2004. During this prime mission, the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft will also provide radio relays for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European landers in early 2004. Science data from 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments will be provided to the science community via NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS). The first PDS release of Odyssey data was in October 2002; subsequent releases occur every 3 months. 相似文献
414.
T. Van Doorsselaere I. Arregui J. Andries M. Goossens S. Poedts 《Space Science Reviews》2005,121(1-4):79-89
We will discuss the observed, heavily damped transversal oscillations of coronal loops. These oscillations are often modeled
as transversal kink oscillations in a cylinder. Several features are added to the classical cylindrical model. In our models
we include loop curvature, longitudinal density stratification, and highly inhomogeneous radial density profiles.
In this paper, we will first give an overview of recently obtained results, both analytically and numerically. After that,
we shed a light on the computational aspects of the modeling process. In particular, we will focus on the parallellization
of the numerical codes. 相似文献
415.
D. Ruciński A. C. Cummings G. Gloeckler A. J. Lazarus E. Möbius M. Witte 《Space Science Reviews》1996,78(1-2):73-84
The rates of the most important ionization processes acting in interplanetary space on interstellar H, He, C, O, Ne and Ar atoms are critically reviewed in the paper. Their long-term modulations in the period 1974 – 1994 are reexamined using updated information on relevant cross-sections as well as direct or indirect data on variations of the solar wind/solar EUV fluxes based on IMP 8 measurements and monitoring of the solar 10.7 cm radio emission. It is shown that solar cycle related variations are pronounced (factor of 3 between maximum and minimum) especially for species such as He, Ne, C for which photoionization is the dominant loss process. Species sensitive primarily to the charge-exchange (as H) show only moderate fluctuations 20% around average. It is also demonstrated that new techniques that make use of simultaneous observations of neutral He atoms on direct and indirect orbits, or simultaneous measurements of He+ and He++ pickup ions and solar wind particles can be useful tools for narrowing the uncertainties of the He photoionization rate caused by insufficient knowledge of the solar EUV flux and its variations. 相似文献
416.
Warren Jeffery W. Peacock Keith Darlington Edward H. Murchie Scott L. Oden Stephen F. Hayes John R. Bell James F. Krein Stephen J. Mastandrea Andy 《Space Science Reviews》1997,82(1-2):101-167
The Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIS) instrument on the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft is designed to map spectral properties of the mission target, the S-type asteroid 433 Eros, at near-infrared wavelengths diagnostic of the composition of minerals forming S asteroids. NIS is a grating spectrometer, in which light is directed by a dichroic beam-splitter onto a 32-element Ge detector (center wavelengths, 816–1486 nm) and a 32-element InGaAs detector (center wavelengths, 1371–2708 nm). Each detector reports a 32-channel spectrum at 12-bit quantization. The field-of-view is selectable using slits with dimensions calibrated at 0.37° × 0.76° (narrow slit) and 0.74° × 0.76° (wide slit). A shutter can be closed for dark current measurements. For the Ge detector, there is an option to command a 10x boost in gain. A scan mirror rotates the field-of-view over a 140° range, and a diffuse gold radiance calibration target is viewable at the sunward edge of the field of regard. Spectra are measured once per second, and up to 16 can be summed onboard. Hyperspectral image cubes are built up by a combination of down-track spacecraft motion and cross-track scanning of the mirror. Instrument software allows execution of data acquisition macros, which include selection of the slit width, number of spectra to sum, gain, mirror scanning, and an option to interleave dark spectra with the shutter closed among asteroid observations. The instrument was extensively characterized by on-ground calibration, and a comprehensive program of in-flight calibration was begun shortly after launch. NIS observations of Eros will largely be coordinated with multicolor imaging from the Multispectral Imager (MSI). NIS will begin observing Eros during approach to the asteroid, and the instrument will map Eros at successively higher spatial resolutions as NEAR's orbit around Eros is lowered incrementally to 25 km altitude. Ultimate products of the investigation will include composition maps of the entire illuminated surface of Eros at spatial resolutions as high as 300 m. 相似文献
417.
418.
S. Hayakawa J. Kuijpers J. Kleczek Boris Valnicek L. Kresak H. R. De Ruiter 《Space Science Reviews》1991,57(1-2):189-192
419.
B. Ragent C. A. Privette P. Avrin J. G. Waring C. E. Carlston T. C. D. Knight J. P. Martin 《Space Science Reviews》1992,60(1-4):179-201
The objective of the Nephelometer Experient aboard the Probe of the Galileo mission is to explore the vertical structure and microphysical properties of the clouds and hazes in the atmosphere of Jupiter along the descent trajectory of the Probe (nominally from 0.1 to > 10 bars). The measurements, to be obtained at least every kilometer of the Probe descent, will provide the bases for inferences of mean particle sizes, particle number densities (and hence, opacities, mass densities, and columnar mass loading) and, for non-highly absorbing particles, for distinguishing between solid and liquid particles. These quantities, especially the location of the cloud bases, together with other quantities derived from this and other experiments aboard the Probe, will not only yield strong evidence for the composition of the particles, but, using thermochemical models, for species abundances as well. The measurements in the upper troposphere will provide ground truth data for correlation with remote sensing instruments aboard the Galileo Orbiter vehicle. The instrument is carefully designed and calibrated to measure the light scattering properties of the particulate clouds and hazes at scattering angles of 5.8°, 16°, 40°, 70°, and 178°. The measurement sensitivity and accuracy is such that useful estimates of mean particle radii in the range from about 0.2 to 20 can be inferred. The instrument will detect the presence of typical cloud particles with radii of about 1.0 , or larger, at concentrations of less than 1 cm3.Deceased. 相似文献
420.
H. M. Fischer J. D. Mihalov L. J. Lanzerotti G. Wibberenz K. Rinnert F. O. Gliem J. Bach 《Space Science Reviews》1992,60(1-4):79-90
The Energetic Particles Investigation (EPI) instrument operates during the pre-entry phase of the Galileo Probe. The major science objective is to study the energetic particle population in the innermost regions of the Jovian magnetosphere — within 4 radii of the cloud tops — and into the upper atmosphere. To achieve these objectives the EPI instrument will make omnidirectional measurements of four different particle species — electrons, protons, alpha-particles, and heavy ions (Z > 2). Intensity profiles with a spatial resolution of about 0.02 Jupiter radii will be recorded. Three different energy range channels are allocated to both electrons and protons to provide a rough estimate of the spectral index of the energy spectra. In addition to the omnidirectional measurements, sectored data will be obtained for certain energy range electrons, protons, and alpha-particles to determine directional anisotropies and particle pitch angle distributions. The detector assembly is a two-element telescope using totally depleted, circular silicon surfacebarrier detectors surrounded by a cylindrical tungsten shielding with a wall thickness of 4.86 g cm-2. The telescope axis is oriented normal to the spherical surface of the Probe's rear heat shield which is needed for heat protection of the scientific payload during the Probe's entry into the Jovian atmosphere. The material thickness of the heat shield determines the lower energy threshold of the particle species investigated during the Probe's pre-entry phase. The EPI instrument is combined with the Lightning and Radio Emission Detector (LRD) such that the EPI sensor is connected to the LRD/EPI electronic box. In this way, both instruments together only have one interface of the Probe's power, command, and data unit. 相似文献