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961.
There is a growing need for the scientist, engineer, and administrator to better understand the kinds of overall, across-the-board planning problems involved in the development of off-shore coastal areas. A recommended approach is to use systems analysis techniques. Principles will be set forth on maintaining and improving the quality of the ocean environment, with considerations of cost in so doing. Each proponent of an aspect of ocean technology usually believes that his field must be greatly enlarged in the near future. Along with these advances there is the likelihood of unnecessary social costs emanating from undesirable modifications of the environment. In making the analysis, an early step is to identify specific needs and appropriate roles. A next step is to lay out alternatives for achieving objectives both within a given organization and external to it. The alternatives may be appraised through their costs and benefits. But how do you make choices between goals when resources are limited? How can we gather the data, accomplish the evaluation, and do the planning that will make rational choices possible? This paper elucidates the problems involved in these kinds of questions and suggests methodology that might lead toward solutions. 相似文献
962.
963.
A review is given of both observational and theoretical results concerning the latitudinal structure of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field. Observations are reported on the solar wind plasma and magnetic fields, obtained both from direct satellite measurements and indirect methods, such as the observation of comet tails, radio scintillations, the study of the polar geomagnetic field and the semi-annual variation of geomagnetic activity. Results of theoretical work, both on three-dimensional modelling of the solar wind and on gas-magnetic field interactions in the solar corona are summarized. Finally, an attempt is made to compare available observations and theories. This points to the open questions which, to be settled, will need direct observations of plasma and magnetic field at high heliographic latitudes. 相似文献
964.
965.
J. Crovisier M. Combes Th. Encrenaz J.F. Crifo 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(12):159-162
In order to prepare infrared sounding of comet Halley from the flyby VEGA probes, we have computed the synthetic spectrum between 2.5 and 15 μ of a typical comet at a heliocentric distance of ~ 0.8 AU. The present paper is particularly devoted to the contribution from the cometary gases. For a selection of 20 possible parent molecules, the most efficient excitation process is resonant fluorescence by the solar radiation field. The H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, NH3 and H2CO molecules are the best candidates for detection by the IKS infrared spectrometers aboard the VEGA probes. For the water molecule, collisions are too rare to ensure thermal equilibrium in the whole coma ; therefore a limited number of fluorescence lines are expected to be present in the H2O vibrational bands. 相似文献
966.
This paper describes the existing construction industry as a total system whose flow chart of operations moves from land accumulation through land development to actual construction and ultimate sale to the consumer. Based in part on the author's past experiences as a general building contractor, it focuses upon the historical evolution of the builder as the central figure in today's building processes and demonstrates by examples the complexity, strength, and weaknesses of present housing methods. 相似文献
967.
Radio direction finders based on the principles of interference measurement provide increased angular resolution as the number of bearing ambiguities increase. In spite of the diversity of interference direction finder design, the resolution of bearing ambiguities reduces to a simple relative phase measurement on crossed baselines less than ?/2 long. This principle is applied in a review of current interference direction finder (DF) designs from the Adcock to the multiwavelength interferometer including both analog and digital bearing computation and display. Analysis shows that simple digital logic circuits may be used to resolve bearing ambiguities in multichannel DF rather than the "sense" displays of conventional analog design. This technique has the advantage of keeping direction finding and sense finding functions simultaneous but separate so that the DF information is not degraded by the injection of the ambiguity resolving sense signal. 相似文献
968.
This paper describes a method of applying digital techniques to the control of a 1-kVA three-phase dc-ac inverter to generate a sinusoidal 400-Hz output, using high-frequency bridge-chopper techniques. The model which was constructed used predominantly off-theshelf digital microcircuits and resulted in a device with an overall efficiency of 85 percent, in a 0.52 cubic-foot package which weighed 19.5 lbs. Sinusoidal output with less than 2 percent harmonic distortion at 115 volts line to neutral was obtained with 28 volts dc input. 相似文献
969.
Rajasekaran P.K. Srinath M.D. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1969,(6):984-988
The problem of minimum time frequency transitions in phase-locked loops with both phase and frequency controls applied is investigated using Pontryagin's maximum principle. Typically, a type II secondorder loop with a damping ratio of 0.707 subjected to a step change in the frequency of its input signal is considered and switchless control strategies that force the transients in the loop to settle down in minimum time are obtained. 相似文献
970.
The suggestion is made that the aerospace industry examine the dynamics of urban structural development, that it identify the forces which act on the elements comprising the structure of the city, and that it describe the relationship between and the relative movements of those elements. By formulating such a general theory of urban structural development, urban political, social, and economic leadership may be given the means by which permanent remedies?including technological?may be devised and applied. This paper presents examples of such means and explains their application and effects. 相似文献