2219 铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝匙孔形缺陷修补技术

采用固相填充+搅拌摩擦焊复合工艺进行了2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝匙孔形缺陷的修补,焊后对接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了分析。结果显示:匙孔修补位置焊接接头焊核区呈现细小的等轴晶,热力影响区组织发生了较大程度的弯曲变形,接头抗拉强度≥335 MPa,延伸率≥8.0%,断裂机理为韧性断裂。     

The Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere: Theory and Models

Almost all theoretical and numerical models for the modulation of cosmic ray in the heliosphere are based on Parker's transport equation which contains all the important basic physical processes. The relative importance of the various mechanisms is however not established and may vary significantly over 22 years. The simultaneous measurements of solar wind parameters, heliospheric magnetic field properties and cosmic rays over a wide range of energies and positions in the heliosphere have brought the realization that modulation is much more complicated than what the original drift models predicted. In the process the sophistication of models based on solving Parker's equation has increased by orders of magnitude. A short review of the global modulation of cosmic rays is given from a theoretical and modelling point of view.     

Introduction

Space Science Reviews -     

Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) for the Advanced Composition Explorer

The Solar Wind Electron Proton Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) experiment provides the bulk solar wind observations for the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE). These observations provide the context for elemental and isotopic composition measurements made on ACE as well as allowing the direct examination of numerous solar wind phenomena such as coronal mass ejections, interplanetary shocks, and solar wind fine structure, with advanced, 3-D plasma instrumentation. They also provide an ideal data set for both heliospheric and magnetospheric multi-spacecraft studies where they can be used in conjunction with other, simultaneous observations from spacecraft such as Ulysses. The SWEPAM observations are made simultaneously with independent electron and ion instruments. In order to save costs for the ACE project, we recycled the flight spares from the joint NASA/ESA Ulysses mission. Both instruments have undergone selective refurbishment as well as modernization and modifications required to meet the ACE mission and spacecraft accommodation requirements. Both incorporate electrostatic analyzers whose fan-shaped fields of view sweep out all pertinent look directions as the spacecraft spins. Enhancements in the SWEPAM instruments from their original forms as Ulysses spare instruments include (1) a factor of 16 increase in the accumulation interval (and hence sensitivity) for high energy, halo electrons; (2) halving of the effective ion-detecting CEM spacing from ∼5° on Ulysses to ∼2.5° for ACE; and (3) the inclusion of a 20° conical swath of enhanced sensitivity coverage in order to measure suprathermal ions outside of the solar wind beam. New control electronics and programming provide for 64-s resolution of the full electron and ion distribution functions and cull out a subset of these observations for continuous real-time telemetry for space weather purposes. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ionization processes in the heliosphere — Rates and methods of their determination

The rates of the most important ionization processes acting in interplanetary space on interstellar H, He, C, O, Ne and Ar atoms are critically reviewed in the paper. Their long-term modulations in the period 1974 – 1994 are reexamined using updated information on relevant cross-sections as well as direct or indirect data on variations of the solar wind/solar EUV fluxes based on IMP 8 measurements and monitoring of the solar 10.7 cm radio emission. It is shown that solar cycle related variations are pronounced (factor of 3 between maximum and minimum) especially for species such as He, Ne, C for which photoionization is the dominant loss process. Species sensitive primarily to the charge-exchange (as H) show only moderate fluctuations 20% around average. It is also demonstrated that new techniques that make use of simultaneous observations of neutral He atoms on direct and indirect orbits, or simultaneous measurements of He⁺ and He⁺⁺ pickup ions and solar wind particles can be useful tools for narrowing the uncertainties of the He photoionization rate caused by insufficient knowledge of the solar EUV flux and its variations.     

电动气阀动态特性及反力因素的影响

建立了电动气阀吸动过程的数学模型并进行了动态特性的数值计算，详细分析了反力因素对电动气阀动态特性的影响。计算结果表明：该阀的衔铁在被触动后能很快地吸到最小气隙处；适当地减小压缩气的入口压力和弹簧预紧力有利于提高电动气阀的响应能力，有利于延长电动气阀的使用寿命。     

超音速钝体无粘绕流的计算

研究用三维特征线相容性关系的迎风差分格式,数值模拟超音速和高超音速钝体无粘绕流流场。用钝体反方法计算头激波及其波后的流场,用轴对称流特征线法确定初值面上的流动参数。算例的计算结果与实验数据比较吻合     

Moment equation description of interstellar hydrogen

The flow of interstellar hydrogen in the heliosphere can be studied using the moment equation approach. The Boltzmann equation is integrated over the velocity space to obtain the moment equations, the moment equations are then solved directly for the flow conditions. We present a closed system of moment equations. This approach can include anisotropic pressure when the distribution function is distorted into skewed ellipsoid.     

改进DZ—22定向凝固高温合金热处理制度的研究

研究了一种新的热处理制度对DZ－22走向凝固高温合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明，采用新热处理制度先进行预处理，可以消除低熔点相，提高合金的初熔温度，然后提高合金的固溶温度。在随后的冷却和时效过程中，析出更多的细小γ'相使合金的拉伸强度和持久性能得到明显提高。     

带损伤复合材料层压板剩余强度估算方法研究

 针对带损伤, 特别是冲击损伤的复合材料层压板的剩余强度估算, 提供易于工程使用 的思路和方法。包括: ① 提出了一种不依赖具体分析方法的统一的损伤记录与表征方法——损 伤数据结构DDS; ②提出了一种全新的缺口强度破坏判据——损伤影响(D I) 破坏判据; ③ 提出 了简单易用的估算冲击分层的弯曲应变能密度分层模型; ④提出了一套能够分析包括预埋分层 和冲击分层在内, 并能够处理单一分层以及多分层的损伤剩余强度估算方法。对共计12 种材料 体系、52 种铺层形式的开孔拉抻强度、预埋分层压缩强度及冲击后压缩强度进行了大量估算分 析, 与近百组试验结果相比均有良好一致性。