排序方式: 共有163条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
131.
Rachael L. Beaton Giuseppe Bono Vittorio Francesco Braga Massimo Dall’Ora Giuliana Fiorentino In Sung Jang Clara E. Martínez-Vázquez Noriyuki Matsunaga Matteo Monelli Jillian R. Neeley Maurizio Salaris 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):113
Old-aged stellar distance indicators are present in all Galactic structures (halo, bulge, disk) and in galaxies of all Hubble types and, thus, are immensely powerful tools for understanding our Universe. Here we present a comprehensive review for three primary standard candles from Population II: (i) RR Lyrae type variables (RRL), (ii) type II Cepheid variables (T2C), and (iii) the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB). The discovery and use of these distance indicators is placed in historical context before describing their theoretical foundations and demonstrating their observational applications across multiple wavelengths. The methods used to establish the absolute scale for each standard candle is described with a discussion of the observational systematics. We conclude by looking forward to the suite of new observational facilities anticipated over the next decade; these have both a broader wavelength coverage and larger apertures than current facilities. We anticipate future advancements in our theoretical understanding and observational application of these stellar populations as they apply to the Galactic and extragalactic distance scale. 相似文献
132.
Liyi Gu Irina Zhuravleva Eugene Churazov Frits Paerels Jelle Kaastra Hiroya Yamaguchi 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(7):108
X-ray spectra of galaxy clusters are dominated by the thermal emission from the hot intracluster medium. In some cases, besides the thermal component, spectral models require additional components associated, e.g., with resonant scattering and charge exchange. The latter produces mostly underluminous fine spectral features. Detection of the extra components therefore requires high spectral resolution. The upcoming X-ray missions will provide such high resolution, and will allow spectroscopic diagnostics of clusters beyond the current simple thermal modeling. A representative science case is resonant scattering, which produces spectral distortions of the emission lines from the dominant thermal component. Accounting for the resonant scattering is essential for accurate abundance and gas motion measurements of the ICM. The high resolution spectroscopy might also reveal/corroborate a number of new spectral components, including the excitation by non-thermal electrons, the deviation from ionization equilibrium, and charge exchange from surface of cold gas clouds in clusters. Apart from detecting new features, future high resolution spectroscopy will also enable a much better measurement of the thermal component. Accurate atomic database and appropriate modeling of the thermal spectrum are therefore needed for interpreting the data. 相似文献
133.
In this paper, we discuss the main ways of improving the aircraft aerodynamics. The results of a physical experiment are presented that is aimed to verify the theoretical results obtained earlier on the possible improvement in a seaplane wing model lift-to-drag ratio, by using a deflectable triangular extension along the wing leading edge near the wingtip. We confirm the slight effectiveness of using the wingtip leading edge triangular extensions on the nature of flow around the wing. 相似文献
134.
Alberto Adriani Gianrico Filacchione Tatiana Di Iorio Diego Turrini Raffaella Noschese Andrea Cicchetti Davide Grassi Alessandro Mura Giuseppe Sindoni Massimo Zambelli Giuseppe Piccioni Maria T. Capria Federico Tosi Roberto Orosei Bianca M. Dinelli Maria L. Moriconi Elio Roncon Jonathan I. Lunine Heidi N. Becker Alessadro Bini Alessandra Barbis Luciano Calamai Claudio Pasqui Stefano Nencioni Maurizio Rossi Marco Lastri Roberto Formaro Angelo Olivieri 《Space Science Reviews》2017,213(1-4):393-446
JIRAM is an imager/spectrometer on board the Juno spacecraft bound for a polar orbit around Jupiter. JIRAM is composed of IR imager and spectrometer channels. Its scientific goals are to explore the Jovian aurorae and the planet’s atmospheric structure, dynamics and composition. This paper explains the characteristics and functionalities of the instrument and reports on the results of ground calibrations. It discusses the main subsystems to the extent needed to understand how the instrument is sequenced and used, the purpose of the calibrations necessary to determine instrument performance, the process for generating the commanding sequences, the main elements of the observational strategy, and the format of the scientific data that JIRAM will produce. 相似文献
135.
Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun Matthew P. Golombek Matthias Ohrnberger 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):339-382
The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument onboard the InSight mission will be the first seismometer directly deployed on the surface of Mars. From studies on the Earth and the Moon, it is well known that site amplification in low-velocity sediments on top of more competent rocks has a strong influence on seismic signals, but can also be used to constrain the subsurface structure. Here we simulate ambient vibration wavefields in a model of the shallow sub-surface at the InSight landing site in Elysium Planitia and demonstrate how the high-frequency Rayleigh wave ellipticity can be extracted from these data and inverted for shallow structure. We find that, depending on model parameters, higher mode ellipticity information can be extracted from single-station data, which significantly reduces uncertainties in inversion. Though the data are most sensitive to properties of the upper-most layer and show a strong trade-off between layer depth and velocity, it is possible to estimate the velocity and thickness of the sub-regolith layer by using reasonable constraints on regolith properties. Model parameters are best constrained if either higher mode data can be used or additional constraints on regolith properties from seismic analysis of the hammer strokes of InSight’s heat flow probe HP3 are available. In addition, the Rayleigh wave ellipticity can distinguish between models with a constant regolith velocity and models with a velocity increase in the regolith, information which is difficult to obtain otherwise. 相似文献
136.
G. M. Martínez C. N. Newman A. De Vicente-Retortillo E. Fischer N. O. Renno M. I. Richardson A. G. Fairén M. Genzer S. D. Guzewich R. M. Haberle A.-M. Harri O. Kemppinen M. T. Lemmon M. D. Smith M. de la Torre-Juárez A. R. Vasavada 《Space Science Reviews》2017,212(1-2):295-338
We analyze the complete set of in-situ meteorological data obtained from the Viking landers in the 1970s to today’s Curiosity rover to review our understanding of the modern near-surface climate of Mars, with focus on the dust, CO2 and H2O cycles and their impact on the radiative and thermodynamic conditions near the surface. In particular, we provide values of the highest confidence possible for atmospheric opacity, atmospheric pressure, near-surface air temperature, ground temperature, near-surface wind speed and direction, and near-surface air relative humidity and water vapor content. Then, we study the diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability of these quantities over a span of more than twenty Martian years. Finally, we propose measurements to improve our understanding of the Martian dust and H2O cycles, and discuss the potential for liquid water formation under Mars’ present day conditions and its implications for future Mars missions. Understanding the modern Martian climate is important to determine if Mars could have the conditions to support life and to prepare for future human exploration. 相似文献
137.
138.
A. A. Baranov A. F. B. de Prado V. Yu. Razumny Anatoly A. BaranovJr. 《Cosmic Research》2011,49(3):269-279
Four types of optimal solutions are demonstrated to exist for transfers (time of flight is not fixed) between close near-circular
coplanar orbits. One solution is realized with the help of fixed orientation of the propulsion system (PS) along a transversal
in the orbital coordinate system. Another is reached at fixed orientation of the PS in the inertial coordinate system. The
third and fourth types of solutions change the PS orientation in the process of executing the maneuver. Regions of existence
are established for all types of solutions, and algorithms for determination of parameters of these maneuvers are suggested.
The algorithms were used to calculate parameters of the maneuvers of transfer from a launching orbit to a working Sun-synchronous
orbit, and to calculate the maneuvers of supporting the parameters of such an orbit in a specified range. 相似文献
139.
M. C. De Sanctis A. Coradini E. Ammannito G. Filacchione M. T. Capria S. Fonte G. Magni A. Barbis A. Bini M. Dami I. Ficai-Veltroni G. Preti VIR Team 《Space Science Reviews》2011,163(1-4):329-369
The Dawn spectrometer (VIR) is a hyperspectral spectrometer with imaging capability. The design fully accomplishes Dawn’s scientific and measurement objectives. Determination of the mineral composition of surface materials in their geologic context is a primary Dawn objective. The nature of the solid compounds of the asteroid (silicates, oxides, salts, organics and ices) can be identified by visual and infrared spectroscopy using high spatial resolution imaging to map the heterogeneity of asteroid surfaces and high spectral resolution spectroscopy to determine the composition unambiguously. The VIR Spectrometer—covering the range from the near UV (0.25 μm) to the near IR (5.0 μm) and having moderate to high spectral resolution and imaging capabilities—is the appropriate instrument for the determination of the asteroid global and local properties. VIR combines two data channels in one compact instrument. The visible channel covers 0.25–1.05 μm and the infrared channel covers 1–5.0 μm. VIR is inherited from the VIRTIS mapping spectrometer (Coradini et al. in Planet. Space Sci. 46:1291–1304, 1998; Reininger et al. in Proc. SPIE 2819:66–77, 1996) on board the ESA Rosetta mission. It will be operated for more than 2 years and spend more than 10 years in space. 相似文献
140.
Vytenis M. Vasyliūnas 《Space Science Reviews》2011,158(1):91-118
Many widely used methods for describing and understanding the magnetosphere are based on balance conditions for quasi-static
equilibrium (this is particularly true of the classical theory of magnetosphere/ionosphere coupling, which in addition presupposes
the equilibrium to be stable); they may therefore be of limited applicability for dealing with time-variable phenomena as
well as for determining cause-effect relations. The large-scale variability of the magnetosphere can be produced both by changing
external (solar-wind) conditions and by non-equilibrium internal dynamics. Its developments are governed by the basic equations
of physics, especially Maxwell’s equations combined with the unique constraints of large-scale plasma; the requirement of
charge quasi-neutrality constrains the electric field to be determined by plasma dynamics (generalized Ohm’s law) and the
electric current to match the existing curl of the magnetic field. The structure and dynamics of the ionosphere/magnetosphere/solar-wind
system can then be described in terms of three interrelated processes: (1) stress equilibrium and disequilibrium, (2) magnetic
flux transport, (3) energy conversion and dissipation. This provides a framework for a unified formulation of settled as well
as of controversial issues concerning, e.g., magnetospheric substorms and magnetic storms. 相似文献