陶瓷基复合材料及其环境障涂层发展现状研究

陶瓷基复合材料(Ceramic Matrix Composites,CMC)具有耐高温、低密度、抗氧化、抗腐蚀、耐磨损等一系列优越性能,被视为新一代高推重比航空发动机高温部件的首选材料。但CMC在应用环境中存在抗水汽氧化性能不足等问题,需要在环境障涂层(Environmental Barrier Coatings,EBCs)的保护下长期服役。首先介绍了陶瓷基复合材料和环境障涂层的整体发展现状,其次分别对陶瓷基复合材料和环境障涂层进行详细论述;综述了陶瓷基体、纤维、界面层和陶瓷基复合材料的研究进展、应用情况以及近些年国内外学者新的研究成果;同时介绍了环境障涂层的研究进展、制备方法,并综述了其失效机理的研究进展;总结了陶瓷基复合材料和环境障涂层当前存在的问题,并对今后研究工作的重点作出了展望。     

铝基粉末燃料层流火焰传播速度实验研究

为研究铝基粉末燃料火焰传播特性,本文设计了气固两相本生灯型层流火焰实验装置,开展了铝基粉末燃料层流火焰传播速度的实验研究;获得了气流流速、颗粒相浓度等因素对空气中铝颗粒层流火焰传播的影响规律,并研究不同级配比例下的铝基粉末燃料的火焰传播性能。研究结果表明：在相同颗粒浓度条件下,提高气流速度会显著增加铝基粉末燃料层流火焰传播速度;在相同气流速度条件下,铝基粉末燃料层流火焰传播速度在铝颗粒浓度接近600 g/m³时达到最大值,而当铝颗粒浓度过低时,层流火焰无法稳定传播;此外试验结果还表明,利用中小粒径颗粒填充大颗粒间的孔隙,能显著提高铝基粉末燃料层流火焰传播性能。     

7YSZ coating prepared by PS-PVD based on heterogeneous nucleation

Plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) as a novel coating process based on low-pressure plasma spray (LPPS) has been significantly used for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A coating can be deposited from liquid splats, nano-sized clusters, and the vapor phase forming different structured coatings, which shows obvious advantages in contrast to conventional technologies like atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). In addition, it can be used to produce thin, dense, and porous ceramic coatings for special applications because of its special characteristics, such as high power, very low pressure, etc. These provide new opportunities to obtain different advanced microstructures, thus to meet the growing requirements of modern functional coatings. In this work, focusing on exploiting the potential of gas-phase deposition from PS-PVD, a series of 7YSZ coating experiments with various process conditions was performed in order to better understand the deposition process in PS-PVD, where coatings were deposited on different substrates including graphite and zirconia. Meanwhile, various substrate temperatures were investigated for the same substrate. As a result, a deposition mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation has been presented showing that surface energy is an important influencing factor for coating structures. Besides, undercooling of the interface between substrate and vapor phase plays an important role in coating structures.     

High-temperature oxidation behavior and analysis of impedance spectroscopy of 7YSZ thermal barrier coating prepared by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition

Quasi-columnar structure 7YSZ(yttria stabilized zirconia) thermal barrier coatings(TBCs) are prepared by plasma spray-physical vapor deposition(PS-PVD) onto pretreated and un-pretreated bond coating, respectively. An isothermal oxidation experiment of 7YSZ TBCs is carried out in the atmosphere of 950 °C in order to simulate the high-temperature oxidation process of engine blades. The isothermal oxidation process of 7YSZ thermal barrier coatings is investigated systematically by impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical physical model and equivalent circuit of columnar 7YSZ coatings are established. Results show that the isothermal oxidation kinetic curve of columnar 7YSZ thermal barrier coatings appears to follow the parabolic law. A pretreatment of bond coating can reduce the growth rate of the thermally grown oxide(TGO) layer, restraining the initiation and propagation of microcracks between YSZ and TGO layers. The oxidation rate constants of 7YSZ coatings with pretreated and un-pretreated bond coating are 0.101×10~(-12) cm~2·s~(-1) and 0.115 × 10~(-13) cm~2 ·s~(-1), respectively. Impedance analysis shows that the content of oxygen vacancies decreases and the density increases after the TGO layer is oxidized for 150 h. In addition, shrinkage microcracks formed by sintering during the oxidation process is the main reason for an increase of the capacitance and a decrease of the resistance in the grain boundary of YSZ.     

基于多特征尺度特征融合的航空指挥动作识别

视觉辅助引导系统(Visual aided Guide System,VaGS)是未来航空运输必不可少的重要组成部分,可以大大节省地面指挥和引导资源,提高安全性。VaGS的核心技术是识别地面指挥员手势并将其转化为指令。介绍了一种新的高效手势识别体系结构,它主要包括2个部分:(1)采用多尺度浅层结构进行特征学习,将全局身体姿态特征与局部手势特征提这两种尺度特征进行融合;(2)所提取的特征输入到超限学习机(Exteme Learning Machine,ELM)中进行分类,输出指令。实验结果表明,在自建的40个类别的航空指挥动作数据集中,准确率达到98.5%,单帧用时0.13 ms。     

喷注压降对Al/AP粉末火箭发动机工作特性影响研究

为研究喷注压降对Al/AP粉末火箭发动机工作特性影响,在考虑喷管两相流动损失的情况下,通过理论计算分析了压强、氧燃比对Al/AP粉末火箭发动机比冲、绝热燃烧温度及凝相产物质量分数的影响。以此为基础确定了Al/AP粉末火箭发动机工作参数,搭建了Al/AP粉末火箭发动机试验系统,通过改变流化气质量流率和粉末推进剂储箱出口通流面积的方法研究不同喷注压降下Al/AP粉末火箭发动机的工作特性。结果表明,流化气质量流率大小对Al/AP粉末火箭工作过程存在一定的影响,过小会导致粉末推进剂供给卡顿,过大会导致发动机性能降低。与此同时,Al/AP粉末火箭动机工作过程中存在由粉末推进剂输运时滞导致的燃烧室压力振荡,而通过提高粉末推进的喷注压降可以有效抑制这一振荡。当前技术状态下,由于在Al/AP粉末火箭动机燃烧室设计、粉末推进剂高效喷注和离散等方面存在不足,Al/AP粉末火箭动机的实际性能与理论性能还存在一定偏差,试验中最高燃烧效率为69.79%。     

基于临界折射纵波法的CFRP应力检测

研究了不同纤维方向与应力方向对复合材料声弹性关系的影响。为了在材料内部激励临界折射纵波,本文根据斯涅耳定律设计了超声入射楔块,并搭建了声时差检测系统。并使用搭建的系统分别测量了0°、45°单向铺设的两种试样在0°、45°和90°方向的声时差变化,得到了不同加载方向和纤维方向组合情况下,由CFRP材料内部应力与声时差表征的声弹性关系。     

带柔性过渡段悬臂动力涡轮转子动力学研究

针对涡轴发动机带柔性过渡段悬臂动力涡轮转子动力学开展了系统的计算分析和试验研究。建立了转子的有限元分析模型,对临界转速、振型和稳态不平衡响应进行了计算分析。在高速旋转试验器上开展了全转速范围内的动力特性和高速动平衡试验,以及慢车转速下5 min的振动考核试验,在整机台架上进行了发动机试车。验证了转子良好的振动特性以及轴向环下润滑设计和临界转速设计的合理性,提出了1号平衡凸台轴向位置的优化方案和试验转接段的改进方案。为发动机实现转速达标提供了强有力的保证,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

温度对涡轴发动机起动性能影响的试验研究

为研究装直升机后的涡轴发动机的地面起动性能,开展了不同环境温度、冷/热态条件下的发动机地面起动试验,分析了温度对起动时间和排气温度峰值的影响。结果表明,随着环境温度的增加,冷态起动时间先降后增,热态起动时间、冷/热态起动排气温度峰值均呈线性增加。环境温度0℃以下时,随温度的降低冷/热态起动性能差异逐渐增大,滑油导致的转子阻力矩升高是低温冷态起动时间长的主要原因。利用试验结果,建立了冷/热态起动时间、排气温度峰值随环境温度变化的模型,并应用于实际飞行时的起动监控。     

CFRP定心内齿槽的加工

以CFRP复合构件为研究对象,采用横刃减小的成形刀片对复合构件孔内定心齿槽进行加工试验,分析刀片横刃大小与走刀路径对切削力的影响规律。结果表明:刀片横刃的减小有利于切削力的降低,但横刃减小到0.5 mm时,切削力减小的趋势变缓;采用横刃为0.5 mm的刀片沿着齿槽轮廓一次进给完成齿槽加工的走刀方式,其单齿加工时间较短、切削力较小、加工质量较好,该种齿槽加工方案较为合理。