Oxidant enhancement in martian dust devils and storms: storm electric fields and electron dissociative attachment

Laboratory studies, numerical simulations, and desert field tests indicate that aeolian dust transport can generate atmospheric electricity via contact electrification or "triboelectricity." In convective structures such as dust devils and dust storms, grain stratification leads to macroscopic charge separations and gives rise to an overall electric dipole moment in the aeolian feature, similar in nature to the dipolar electric field generated in terrestrial thunderstorms. Previous numerical simulations indicate that these storm electric fields on Mars can approach the ambient breakdown field strength of approximately 25 kV/m. In terrestrial dust phenomena, potentials ranging from approximately 20 to 160 kV/m have been directly measured. The large electrostatic fields predicted in martian dust devils and storms can energize electrons in the low pressure martian atmosphere to values exceeding the electron dissociative attachment energy of both CO2 and H2O, which results in the formation of the new chemical products CO/O- and OH/H-, respectively. Using a collisional plasma physics model, we present calculations of the CO/O- and OH/H- reaction and production rates. We demonstrate that these rates vary geometrically with the ambient electric field, with substantial production of dissociative products when fields approach the breakdown value of approximately 25 kV/m. The dissociation of H2O into OH/H- provides a key ingredient for the generation of oxidants; thus electrically charged dust may significantly impact the habitability of Mars.     

地面测站引导卫星逆向交会的交会角研究

建立了用地面测控站引导交会时,不同交会角条件下测量误差引起的交会脱靶量计算模型和交会概率计算模型。重点讨论了单站雷达测量、双站雷达测量时,以最大交会概率为优化目标时的最优交会角问题,并确定了雷达测站位置与最优交会角的关系。仿真结果表明,最优交会角的恰当选择能显著提高逆轨卫星交会概率。     

SOI工艺抗辐照SRAM型FPGA设计与实现

为提升SRAM型FPGA电路块存储器和配置存储器抗单粒子翻转性能，本文提出一种脉冲屏蔽SRAM单元结构。该结构通过在标准的六管单元中加入延迟结构,增大单元对单粒子事件响应时间，实现对粒子入射产生的脉冲电流屏蔽作用。以64k SRAM作为验证电路进行单粒子翻转性能对比，电路的抗单粒子翻转阈值由采用标准六管单元的抗单粒子翻转阈值大于25 MeV·cm 2·mg -1 提升至大于45 MeV·cm 2·mg -1 ，加固单元面积较标准六管单元增大约21.3%。30万门级抗辐照FPGA电路通过脉冲屏蔽单元结合抗辐照SOI工艺实现，其抗辐照指标分别为：抗单粒子翻转阈值大于37.3 MeV·cm 2·mg -1 ，抗单粒子锁定阈值大于99.8 MeV·cm 2·mg -1 ，抗电离总剂量能力大于200 krad(Si)。     

Earth as an extrasolar planet: Earth model validation using EPOXI earth observations

The EPOXI Discovery Mission of Opportunity reused the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft to obtain spatially and temporally resolved visible photometric and moderate resolution near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic observations of Earth. These remote observations provide a rigorous validation of whole-disk Earth model simulations used to better understand remotely detectable extrasolar planet characteristics. We have used these data to upgrade, correct, and validate the NASA Astrobiology Institute's Virtual Planetary Laboratory three-dimensional line-by-line, multiple-scattering spectral Earth model. This comprehensive model now includes specular reflectance from the ocean and explicitly includes atmospheric effects such as Rayleigh scattering, gas absorption, and temperature structure. We have used this model to generate spatially and temporally resolved synthetic spectra and images of Earth for the dates of EPOXI observation. Model parameters were varied to yield an optimum fit to the data. We found that a minimum spatial resolution of ～100 pixels on the visible disk, and four categories of water clouds, which were defined by using observed cloud positions and optical thicknesses, were needed to yield acceptable fits. The validated model provides a simultaneous fit to Earth's lightcurve, absolute brightness, and spectral data, with a root-mean-square (RMS) error of typically less than 3% for the multiwavelength lightcurves and residuals of ～10% for the absolute brightness throughout the visible and NIR spectral range. We have extended our validation into the mid-infrared by comparing the model to high spectral resolution observations of Earth from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, obtaining a fit with residuals of ～7% and brightness temperature errors of less than 1?K in the atmospheric window. For the purpose of understanding the observable characteristics of the distant Earth at arbitrary viewing geometry and observing cadence, our validated forward model can be used to simulate Earth's time-dependent brightness and spectral properties for wavelengths from the far ultraviolet to the far infrared. Key Words: Astrobiology-Extrasolar terrestrial planets-Habitability-Planetary science-Radiative transfer. Astrobiology 11, 393-408.     

利用VSAT网实现局域网与Internet互连

Internet在全世界已日益发展和普及。本文简要介绍了利用VSAT网实现局域网(LAN)与Internet互连的特点与方法,为用户尤其是边远地区用户介入Internet提供了一种新的可行的途径。     

用光学神经网络进行导弹末制导的研究

分析了现有多种制导方式的特点，结合国内实际，提出了一种基于光学神经网络的导弹末制导系统，该系统具有光学神经网络运算速度快，对畸变目标识别能力高等优点，在导弹原有惯性制导系统上进行了改进，成本低。理论分析和模拟实验结果表明，这种基于光学神经网络的导弹末制导系统具有并行处理速度快，识别率高的优点，有广阔的应用前景。     

简论计算机监控在电力系统中的安全问题

计算机监控在电力系统中起着重要作用，随之出现一些安全问题，本文简单讨论了计算机监控系统的现状及安全隐患，并给出相应的建议措施。     

轰炸机的发展历程和前景

介绍了轰炸机在各历史阶段发挥的重要作用，分析了轰炸机从诞生到第二次世界大战中发展成熟，以及在冷战时期轰炸机发展的3个阶段。描述了在每个时期不同战场环境下对轰炸机的不同要求，以及由此而产生不同的气动布局形式，进而分析了未来轰炸机发展的3个方向和美国当前可能的型号选择。     

法国航天活动25年

法国从事航天活动的25年间,国家空间研究中心(CNES)一直起着主导作用。CNES是1961年12月29日正式成立的,1962年3月1日开始活动。与此同时欧洲也建立了首批航天机构(欧洲空间研究组织和欧洲运载器发展组织),法国是主要成员之一。