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81.
D. Koschny V. Dhiri K. Wirth J. Zender R. Solaz R. Hoofs R. Laureijs T.-M Ho B. Davidsson G. Schwehm 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):167-188
ESA’s Rosetta mission was launched in March 2004 and is on its way to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, where it is scheduled
to arrive in summer 2014. It comprises a payload of 12 scientific instruments and a Lander. All instruments are provided by
Principal Investigators, which are responsible for their operations.
As for most ESA science missions, the ground segment of the mission consists of a Mission Operations Centre (MOC) and a Science
Operations Centre (SOC). While the MOC is responsible for all spacecraft-related aspects and the final uplink of all command
timelines to the spacecraft, the scientific operations of the instruments and the collection of the data and ingestion into
the Planetary Science Archive are coordinated by the SOC. This paper focuses on the tasks of the SOC and in particular on
the methodology and constraints to convert the scientific goals of the Rosetta mission to operational timelines. 相似文献
82.
Maciel J.J. Slocum J.F. Smith J.K. Turtle J. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》2007,22(11):17-20
Large apertures are of great benefit to applications that are prime powered limited as is found on aerostat and other airborne platforms. Electronically scanned array antennas are often proposed for these applications. However, increasing the aperture area with conventional array technology is met with prohibitive cost, weight, and prime power increases because of the dense spacing of phase shifters and/or active T/R modules. This discusses the recent development of RF MEMS (Microelectromechanical System) switch technology and the use of these switches in a Radanttrade lens configuration for arrays of approximately 10 m2 at X-band. A proof-of-concept 0.4 m2 MEMS Electronically Steerable Antenna (ESA) containing 25,000 MEMS switches has been successfully designed, fabricated, and tested. The 0.4 m2 MEMS ESA was then integrated with an AN/APG-67 radar system to form the MEMS Demonstration Radar System. The MEMS Demonstration Radar System successfully detected both airborne and ground moving targets during a series of extensive radar demonstrations. This is believed to be the first large scale employment of MEMS switches in a scanning antenna and radar system. The low-cost, lightweight, and low power technology demonstrated can enable weight and power constrained platforms with electronic steering. 相似文献
83.
The fastest pulsar and the slowest nova; the oldest galaxies and the youngest stars; the weirdest life forms and the commonest
dwarfs; the highest energy particles and the lowest energy photons. These were some of the extremes of Astrophysics 2006.
We attempt also to bring you updates on things of which there is currently only one (habitable planets, the Sun, and the Universe)
and others of which there are always many, like meteors and molecules, black holes and binaries. 相似文献
84.
Mercury’s unusually high mean density has always been attributed to special circumstances that occurred during the formation of the planet or shortly thereafter, and due to the planet’s close proximity to the Sun. The nature of these special circumstances is still being debated and several scenarios, all proposed more than 20 years ago, have been suggested. In all scenarios, the high mean density is the result of severe fractionation occurring between silicates and iron. It is the origin of this fractionation that is at the centre of the debate: is it due to differences in condensation temperature and/or in material characteristics (e.g. density, strength)? Is it because of mantle evaporation due to the close proximity to the Sun? Or is it due to the blasting off of the mantle during a giant impact? In this paper we investigate, in some detail, the fractionation induced by a giant impact on a proto-Mercury having roughly chondritic elemental abundances. We have extended the previous work on this hypothesis in two significant directions. First, we have considerably increased the resolution of the simulation of the collision itself. Second, we have addressed the fate of the ejecta following the impact by computing the expected reaccretion timescale and comparing it to the removal timescale from gravitational interactions with other planets (essentially Venus) and the Poynting–Robertson effect. To compute the latter, we have determined the expected size distribution of the condensates formed during the cooling of the expanding vapor cloud generated by the impact. We find that, even though some ejected material will be reaccreted, the removal of the mantle of proto-Mercury following a giant impact can indeed lead to the required long-term fractionation between silicates and iron and therefore account for the anomalously high mean density of the planet. Detailed coupled dynamical–chemical modeling of this formation mechanism should be carried out in such a way as to allow explicit testing of the giant impact hypothesis by forthcoming space missions (e.g. MESSENGER and BepiColombo). 相似文献
85.
D.R. Japaridze M.Sh. Gigolashvili V.J. Kukhianidze 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2007,40(12):1912-1916
The differential rotation of the patterns of the large-scale solar magnetic field during solar activity cycles 20 and 21 is investigated. Compact magnetic elements with the polarity of the general solar magnetic field have larger speed of rotation than the elements with the opposite polarity. The surface of the Sun was divided by 10°-zones. In all of them the average rotation rate of the magnetic elements with negative polarity is little higher than that of the magnetic elements with positive polarity, except for 50°-zone of the south hemisphere and at the 10° latitude of the north hemisphere.
The rates of differential rotation for large-scale magnetic elements with negative and positive polarities have similar behavior for both cycles of the solar activity.
The rotation rate varies at polarity reversal of the circumpolar magnetic fields. For the cycle No 20 in 1969–1970 the threefold reversal took place in the northern hemisphere and variations of rotation rate can be noticed for magnetic elements both with positive and negative polarity for each 10°-zone in the same hemisphere. 相似文献
86.
Yakimenko O.A. Kaminer I.I. Lentz W.J. Ghyzel P.A. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》2002,38(4):1181-1200
This paper addresses the problem of determining the relative position and orientation of an unmanned air vehicle with respect to a ship using three visible points of known separation. The, images of the points are obtained from an onboard infrared camera. The paper develops a numerical solution to this problem. Both simulation and flight test results are presented. 相似文献
87.
Kacelenga R. Erickson D. Palmer D. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》2003,18(8):13-19
This paper presents a voting fusion application for use with a remotely controlled multisensor vehicle platform for antitank landmine detection. Data from three landmine detection sensors mounted at the front of the vehicle enhance the probability of detection and, when combined via data fusion, limit the false alarm density to practical levels. The performance of the voting fusion scheme presented in this paper is contrasted with a heuristic data fusion approach developed by General Dynamics Canada. 相似文献
88.
Human exposure to large solar particle events in space. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
L W Townsend J W Wilson J L Shinn S B Curtis 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(2-3):339-348
Whenever energetic solar protons produced by solar particle events traverse bulk matter, they undergo various nuclear and atomic collision processes which significantly alter the physical characteristics and biologically important properties of their transported radiation fields. These physical interactions and their effect on the resulting radiation field within matter are described within the context of a recently developed deterministic, coupled neutron-proton space radiation transport computer code (BRYNTRN). Using this computer code, estimates of human exposure in interplanetary space, behind nominal (2 g/cm2) and storm shelter (20 g/cm2) thicknesses of aluminum shielding, are made for the large solar proton event of August 1972. Included in these calculations are estimates of cumulative exposures to the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow as a function of time during the event. Risk assessment in terms of absorbed dose and dose equivalent is discussed for these organs. Also presented are estimates of organ exposures for hypothetical, worst-case flare scenarios. The rate of dose equivalent accumulation places this situation in an interesting region of dose rate between the very low values of usual concern in terrestrial radiation environments and the high dose rate values prevalent in radiation therapy. 相似文献
89.
Hegg J.W. Smith M.P. Yount L. Todd J. 《Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE》1995,10(7):31-34
This paper discusses the advantages of incorporating active sidesticks into a modern aircraft cockpit. Active sidestick controllers for manual pilot inputs in pitch and roll are examined for commercial transport aircraft. Options and requirements for sidesticks are reviewed. The recommendation of an active sidestick controller is developed providing both cross-cockpit coupling and autopilot backdrive capability. These characteristics provide pilot cues identical to traditional cable-linked column/yoke configurations 相似文献
90.
When a micro-debris or a micrometeoroid impacts a spacecraft surface, a large number of secondary particles, called ejecta, are produced. These particles can contribute to a modification of the debris environment: either locally by the occurrence of secondary impacts on the components of complex and large space structures, or at great distance by the formation of a population of small orbital debris. This paper describes firstly, the ejecta overall production, and secondly, the lifetime and the orbital evolution of the particles. Finally the repartition of ejecta in LEO is computed. Some results describing the population as a function of size and altitude are presented. 相似文献