Aspartic acid racemization and age-depth relationships for organic carbon in Siberian permafrost

We have analyzed the degree of racemization of aspartic acid in permafrost samples from Northern Siberia, an area from which microorganisms of apparent ages up to a few million years have previously been isolated and cultured. We find that the extent of aspartic acid racemization in permafrost cores increases very slowly up to an age of approximately 25,000 years (around 5 m in depth). The apparent temperature of racemization over the age range of 0-25,000 years, determined using measured aspartic acid racemization rate constants, is -19 degrees C. This apparent racemization temperature is significantly lower than the measured environmental temperature (-11 to -13 degrees C) and suggests active recycling of D-aspartic acid in Siberian permafrost up to an age of around 25,000 years. This indicates that permafrost organisms are capable of repairing some molecular damage incurred while in a "dormant" state over geologic time.     

Archaeal genome organization and stress responses: implications for the origin and evolution of cellular life

For DNA to be used as an informational molecule it must exist in the cell on the edge of stability because all genomic processes require local controlled melting. This presents mechanistic opportunities and problems for genomic DNA from hyperthermophilic organisms, whose unpackaged DNA could melt at optimal temperatures for growth. Hyperthermophiles are suggested to employ the novel positively supercoiling topoisomerase enzyme reverse gyrase (RG) to form positively supercoiled DNA that is intrinsically resistant to thermal denaturation. RG is presently the only archaeal gene that is uniquely found in hyperthermophiles and therefore is central to hypotheses suggesting a hypothermophilic origin of life. However, the suggestion that RG has evolved by the fusion of two pre-existing enzymes has led to hypotheses for a lower temperature for the origin of life. In addition to the action of topoisomerases, DNA packaging and the intracellular ionic environment can also manipulate DNA topology significantly. In the Euryarchaeota, nucleosomes containing minimal histones can adopt two alternate DNA topologies in a salt-dependent manner. From this we hypothesize that since internal salt concentrations are increased following an increase in temperature, the genomic effects of temperature fluctuations could also be accommodated by changes in nucleosome organization. In addition, stress-induced changes in the nucleoid proteins could also play a role in maintaining the genome in the optimal topological state in changing environments. The function of these systems could therefore be central to temperature adaptation and thus be implicated in origin of life scenarios involving hyperthermophiles.     

推进剂温度对比冲的影响

本文研究了预示推进剂温度对比冲(I_(s))影响的改进方法。对现有的仅仅考虑热容的方法进行了评价,发现它是不完善的。研究了两种新方法,它们是:a)修正热容法,b)理论上处理生成热和压力影响的方法。两种方法均使用赫克利斯公司改进后的暂定固体性能程序(SPP—HI),作为基本分析方法来预示比冲。为了建立新的方法,在研究工作中使用了几种不同尺寸的全尺寸发动机的点火试验数据。研究结果表明,推进剂温度对比冲的影响不大,比冲的变化随推进剂生成热的变化比随发动机平均压力的变化更为敏感。     

跨音速机翼的方案设计方法

阐述了跨音速机翼的方案设计方法，文中所描述的研究是开发该技术用于方案设计，建立并存取跨音速气动力数据库的第一步，该研究的主导思想是开发一种可以进行非线性气流数据叠加的方法，用轻型公务机的实际设计对该方法进行了测试。     

燃料的润滑性

本文在综述有关柴油发动机燃料润滑性能的基础上，全面评价了影响燃料润滑性能的主要因素。由于对低硫柴油的需求不断增加，迫切需要建立一种普遍能接受的台架试验方法，为此，在１９９２年成立的ＩＳＯＳＣ７／ＷＧ６工作小组，正着手制定一个试验方法标准，即推荐采用的ＨＦＲＲ球体平面试验标准，本文将系统介绍该试验方法的测试原理。     

A FINITE ELEMENT SOLVER FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS VIA VORTICITY AND VELOCITY

INTRODUCTIONThe stationary incompressible Navier- Stokesequations in the primitive variables( velocity uand pressure p)- vΔu + u . u + p =f . u =0u =g　inΩinΩonΓ( 1 )whereΩ is a set of R2 ,Γ its boundary,v thekinematic viscosity of the fluid,f a field of givenbody forces,and g a given field defined onΓ sa-tisfying the global conservation property∫Γg . n =0 ( 2 )n denotes the unit outer normal vector toΓ.The vorticity- velocity system of Eq.( 1 ) ,byintroducing the vorticityω…     

GalileoSat计划中的地面部分结构和运作初步方案

GalileoSat是欧洲空间局 (ESA)Galileo计划的补充计划 ,一项为设计、开发、验证和操作现代化、独立的全球导航卫星系统而设立的欧洲新研究课题。其内容涉及Galileo空间和有关地面部分的设计、开发和在轨验证。系统运作方案负责系统的各个阶段 ,从发射与初轨阶段、卫星和载荷的移交、在轨验证阶段、星座部署、应用、星座维护 ,直到最终报废处置。1　任务概况Galileo将为全球用户提供卫星导航信号和精确时间 ,初期还向欧洲共同体地区提供完好性信息。该导航系统还将实施有商业价值的业务 (创收业务 )。该系统将由民间单位控制 ,采取开放式…     

美国NASA天基测控网的按需接入系统

NASA天基网按需接入系统(DAS)可为航天操作提供一种新的开创性的服务；这种业务通过跟踪与数据中继卫星系统(TDRSS)构成连续和自动化的通信链路。2002年10月投入运行的DAS扩展了TDRSS多址返向(航天器至地面)容量。该系统利用地基商业成品(COTS)设备，例如第三代多址波束形成分系(TGBFS)和可编程遥测处理器(PTP)，并利用包括TCP／IP及基于web的接口在内的联网标准。