CFD Study of NO_x Emissions in a Model Commercial Aircraft Engine Combustor

Air worthiness requirements of the aircraft engine emission bring new challenges to the combustor research and design. With the motivation to design high performance and clean combustor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized as the powerful design approach. In this paper, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of reactive two-phase flow in an experimental low emission combustor is performed. The numerical approach uses an implicit compressible gas solver together with a Lagrangian liquid-phase tracking method and the extended coherent flamelet model for turbulence-combustion interaction. The NOx formation is modeled by the concept of post-processing, which resolves the NOx transport equation with the assumption of frozen temperature distribution. Both turbulence-combustion interaction model and NOx formation model are firstly evaluated by the comparison of experimental data published in open literature of a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor. The test rig studied in this paper is called low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor, which is a two-stage model combustor, fueled with liquid kerosene (RP-3) and designed by Beihang University (BUAA). The main stage of LESS combustor employs the principle of lean prevaporized and premixed (LPP) concept to reduce pollutant, and the pilot stage depends on a diffusion flame for flame stabili-zation. Detailed numerical results including species distribution, turbulence performance and burning performance are qualita-tively and quantitatively evaluated. Numerical prediction of NOx emission shows a good agreement with test data at both idle condition and full power condition of LESS combustor. Preliminary results of the flame structure are shown in this paper. The flame stabilization mechanism and NOx reduction effort are also discussed with in-depth analysis.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Force Control of Hydraulic Load Simulator

This paper deals with the high performance force control of hydraulic load simulator. Many previous works for hydraulic force control are based on their linearization equations, but hydraulic inherent nonlinear properties and uncertainties make the conventional feedback proportional-integral-derivative control not yield to high-performance requirements. In this paper, a nonlinear system model is derived and linear parameterization is made for adaptive control. Then a discontinuous projection-based nonlinear adaptive robust force controller is developed for hydraulic load simulator. The proposed controller constructs an asymptotically stable adaptive controller and adaptation laws, which can compensate for the system nonlinearities and uncertain parameters. Meanwhile a well-designed robust controller is also developed to cope with the hydraulic system uncertain nonlinearities. The controller achieves a guaranteed transient performance and final tracking accuracy in the presence of both parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities; in the absence of uncertain nonlinearities, the scheme also achieves asymptotic tracking performance. Simulation and experiment comparative results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed control strategy and the tracking accuracy is greatly improved.     

Visualization Experiments of a Specific Fuel Flow Through Quartz-glass Tubes Under both Sub- and Supercritical Conditions

The present work is a visualization study of a typical kerosene (RP-3) flowing through vertical and horizontal quartz-glass tubes under both suband supercritical conditions by a high speed camera. The experiments are accomplished at temperatures of 300-730 K under pressures from 0.107-5 MPa. Six distinctive two-phase flow patterns are observed in upward flow and the critical point of RP-3 is identified as critical pressure pc=2.33 MPa and critical temperature Tc=645.04 K and it is found that when the fluid pressure exceeds 2.33 MPa the flow can be considered as a single phase flow. The critical opalescence phenomenon of RP-3 is observed when the temperature is between 643.16 K and 648.61 K and the pressure is between 2.308 MPa and 2.366 MPa. The region filled by the critical opalescence in the upward flow is clearly larger than that in the downward flow due to the interaction between the buoyancy force and fluid inertia. Morecover, obvious layered flow phenomenon is observed in horizontal flow under supercritical pressures due to the differences of gravity and density.     

中国民航运输系统性测度研究

对民航运输系统发展程度的有效测度是实现民航运输系统协同发展的前提和基础,从民航运输系统性内涵出发,构建了民航运输系统性测度模型。借助数据包络分析评价方法,建立了民航运输系统总体评价方法,基于协同理论建立了民航运输子系统协调度测度模型和方法。并应用所建立的模型和方法,对中国民航运输系统性状况进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,中国民航系统的有效性有待提高,航空公司系统、机场系统与空管系统两两之间均处于中度协调状态,动态协调度呈现出上升趋势。     

基于分层变块大小运动估计的边信息提取算法(英文)

在分布式视频编码(DVC)中,边信息的质量对视频序列的压缩效果有很大影响。本文中,一种基于分层运动估计的边信息提取算法引入到DVC系统中。首先,采用了两种运动估计模式,向前运动估计和双向运动估计,然后利用分层变块大小运动估计算法获得了比较准确的运动矢量。接着运动矢量滤波器修正了由于局部相似造成的错误运动矢量。最后,选择决策模块更好地处理了帧内插技术中的多种估计模式的问题。这些算法为DVC提供了更好的边信息,提高了DVC系统的性能。实验结果显示,基于这种新算法的DVC系统高于传统视频编码帧内模式 3-4dB,而仅仅低于传统视频编码IBIB模式0.5-1dB。     

用于飞行仿真的空间大气紊流场生成与应用研究(英文)

研究了三维空间大气紊流场生成及其在大型飞机实时飞行仿真中的应用。分析了针对大型飞机飞行仿真的扰动风场的建模需求。通过在频域空间直接进行蒙特卡罗法随机抽样,经三维傅里叶逆变换获得空间大气紊流场。采用Von Karman模型,更加准确地描述大气紊流场特征。运用傅立叶变换的复共轭对称特性,保证最终生成实的紊流场。通过无因次化方法解决了变尺度和变强度的紊流场生成问题。针对生成的空间紊流场设计了紊流梯度的计算方法。针对飞机连续穿越紊流场的问题,提出基于空间对称扩展的紊流场扩展方法。经时域相关性检验证明,基于该方法生成的紊流场与传统时域方法相比,具有较好的空间互相关特性。最后针对Boeing747飞机,给出了一个在空间紊流场中的飞行仿真实例。与传统质点化模型的仿真结果相比,基于空间紊流场和四点模型的算法更能表现出飞机穿越紊流场飞行的随机特性。     

基于故障建模的双余度舵机故障诊断技术

针对双余度舵机系统结构复杂、故障诊断困难的问题,提出了根据故障模型反向推理的故障诊断方法.在充分考虑各元件失效机理的基础上,将故障注入闭环系统建立典型故障模型.故障模型仿真了不同元件故障如何导致系统性能下降甚至完全失效.基于故障模型的仿真结果,对可观测到的异常状况进行分类和逆向推理归纳出故障诊断方法,并利用数学公式对一些故障量化评估.该诊断方法涵盖系统各元件,可快速定位故障元件,判断失效原因并进行定量分析,而且算法简单易于工程实现.      

合成射流激励器增强同向燃气-氧气掺混数值模拟及机理研究

建立了将合成射流激励器腔体、出口喉道及外部受控流场作为单连域计算处理的全流场计算模型(X L模型)。基于此计算模型,对合成射流激励器增强同向燃气 氧气掺混的流场进行了数值仿真和机理研究。研究表明,应用合成射流激励器可以显著增强同向燃气/氧气的掺混,其主要控制机理是合成射流激励器对同向燃气/氧气流起到流动方向控制作用,使两侧两股氧气平行射流向内发生偏转,从而大大缩短了每股射流的核心区长度;同时,激励器工作改变和加强了射流出口附近的涡结构,通过涡结构的强对流作用极大地增强了燃气/氧气平行射流在出口附近的混合。     

固体火箭发动机点火瞬时内流场轴对称数值分析

应用流体计算软件(FLUENT),通过UDF(用户定义函数)编程,考虑了辐射热量的影响,对固体火箭发动机点火瞬时内流场进行了轴对称数值分析,得出了点火瞬时的压强．时间曲线、各时刻的流场和推进剂燃面上的辐射热量。从具体数值上分析了辐射热量对点火瞬时的影响。研究结果表明,该方法可较好地预示点火瞬时的内流场和压强变化情况。