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841.
A. G. Kosovichev T. L. Duvall Jr. A. C. Birch L. Gizon P. H. Scherrer Junwei Zhao 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2002,29(12):289-1910
Dynamical and thermal variations of the internal structure of the Sun can affect the energy flow and result in variations in irradiance at the surface. Studying variations in the interior is crucial for understanding the mechanisms of the irradiance variations. “Global” helioseismology based on analysis of normal mode frequencies, has helped to reveal radial and latitudinal variations of the solar structure and dynamics associated with the solar cycle in the deep interior. A new technique, - “local-area” helioseismology or heliotomography, offers additional potentially important diagnostics by providing three-dimensional maps of the sound speed and flows in the upper convection zone. These diagnostics are based on inversion of travel times of acoustic waves which propagate between different points on the solar surface through the interior. The most significant variations in the thermodynamic structure found by this method are associated with sunspots and complexes of solar activity. The inversion results provide evidence for areas of higher sound speed beneath sunspot regions located at depths of 4–20 Mm, which may be due to accumulated heat or magnetic field concentrations. However, the physics of these structures is not yet understood. Heliotomography also provides information about large-scale stable longitudinal structures in the solar interior, which can be used in irradiance models. This new diagnostic tool for solar variability is currently under development. It will require both a substantial theoretical and modeling effort and high-resolution data to develop new capabilities for understanding mechanisms of solar variability. 相似文献
842.
During strong magnetic storms in July and November of 2004 the fluxes of trapped particles (protons and electrons of MeV energies)
in the Earth’s radiation belts have increased by orders of magnitude and then decreased remaining on an enhanced level for
several months. These enhancements allowed us to study the processes of relaxation of the radiation belts. Measurements of
energetic particles by low-altitude satellites Coronas-F and Servis-1 have shown that predictions of the theory about the rate of pitch-angle diffusion are not always correct, giving both overestimated
and underestimated values for the lifetime of energetic particles. 相似文献
843.
E V Benton 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1986,6(11):315-328
Measurements of the radiation environment aboard U.S. and Soviet manned spacecraft are reviewed and summarized. Data obtained mostly from passive and some active radiation detectors now exist for the case of low Earth-orbit missions. Major uncertainties still exist for space exposure in high altitude, high inclination, geostationary orbits, in connection with solar effects and that of shielding. Data from active detectors flown in Spacelabs 1 and 2 suggest that a variety of phenomena must be understood before the effects of long-term exposure at the space-station type of orbit and shielding can be properly assessed. 相似文献
844.
845.
Kretschmer F.F. Feng-Ling C. Lin Lewis B.L. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1983,(3):398-404
An analysis based on statistical considerations and Monte Carlo simulations indicates that a noncoherent moving target indicator (MTI) using a linear envelope detector differs from one using a square law envelope detector. The square law envelope detector is usually described in the literature because of ease of analysis, and it is commonly stated or implied that the results are the same for the two cases because of the similar spectral characteristics of the detectors. A comparison is made between the two noncoherent MTIs and the coherent MTI in terms of clutter attenuation and MTI improvement factors. 相似文献
846.
847.
S. Cazes J. Charra N. Coron B. Cougrand J.-F. Crifo J. Crovisier C. Emerich R. Gispert B. Gondet G. Guyot D. Harduin J.-M. Lamarre G. Levanti C. Maurel D. Parisot F. Rocard P. Salvetat A. Soufflot T. Encrenaz 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(9):273-276
The IKS infrared spectro-photometer will fly on board the VEGA platforms. It is designed to characterize the size, temperature and emissivity of the Comet Halley nucleus, to identify the major gaseous components of the inner coma and to detect the emission of the cometary grains. This paper presents the “calibration” experiments required to reduce the raw data: (i) absolute wavelength calibration of the filter wheels; (ii) modeling of the internal signal, as a function of the temperature of the different sub-systems; (iii) absolute and spectral responsivities of each of the spectrometric and photometric channels, as a function of the wavelength and position of the source in the field of view. Finally, we shall indicate the expected S/N ratios. 相似文献
848.
The bandwidth of adaptive arrays with tapped delay lines behind the elements is examined. Such processing offers improved bandw over that attainable with quadrature hybrid processing. The performance of a two-element array with four types of processing (equarature hybrids, single delay lines, 3-tap delay lines, and 5-tap delay lines) is compared. It is shown that with half-wavelength element spacing, a quadrature hybrid and single delay-line processor are inadequate at 10-percent bandwidth. A 3-tap processor is adeq however, up to 40-percent bandwidth. 相似文献
849.
James M. Russell Ellis E. Remsberg John C. Gille Larry L. Gordley 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1981,1(4):271-277
The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment is a limb scanning infrared sounder designed to measure vertical temperature profiles and the concentrations of key chemical compounds which are important in the stratospheric ozone-nitrogen photochemistry. This paper describes results from the O3 and HNO3 channels with emphasis on validation of the data. Similar discussions of results from the other channels are presented in two companion papers published in these proceedings. 相似文献
850.
Pre-germinated pine seedlings and germinating oat and mung bean seeds were flown on the STS-3 Space Shuttle mission. Overall, the seedlings grew and developed well in space. Some oat and mung bean roots, however, grew upward. Lignin content was slightly lower in flight tissues and protein content was higher. 相似文献