Potential Effects of Surface Temperature Variations and Disturbances and Thermal Convection on the Mars InSight HP<Superscript>3</Superscript> Heat-Flow Determination

The HP³ instrument on the InSight lander mission will measure subsurface temperatures and thermal conductivities from which heat flow in the upper few meters of the regolith at the landing site will be calculated. The parameter to be determined is steady-state conductive heat flow, but temperatures may have transient perturbations resulting from surface temperature changes and there could be a component of thermal convection associated with heat transport by vertical flow of atmospheric gases over the depth interval of measurement. The experiment is designed so that it should penetrate to a depth below which surface temperature perturbations are smaller than the required measurement precision by the time the measurements are made. However, if the measurements are delayed after landing, and/or the probe does not penetrate to the desired depth, corrections may be necessary for the transient perturbations. Thermal convection is calculated to be negligible, but these calculations are based on unknown physical properties of the Mars regolith. The effects of thermal convection should be apparent at shallow depths where transient thermal perturbations would be observed to deviate from conductive theory. These calculations were required during proposal review and their probability of predicting a successful measurement a prerequisite for mission approval. However, their uncertainties lies in unmeasured physical parameters of the Mars regolith.     

燃油喷嘴螺旋槽的精密测量方法与系统设计

为了实现航空发动机燃油喷嘴上的螺旋槽特征的快速与精确检测,提出了螺旋槽的槽深、螺旋角和槽宽等参数的测量与计算方法,并基于此设计和搭建了一套非接触式的燃油喷嘴螺旋槽精密测量系统。该测量系统基于模块化的设计思想,其机械主体采用立柱移动型三坐标测量机的结构形式;运动机构由三个直线轴X、Y和Z以及一个回转轴A构成,电气控制模块采用了由上位机与下位机构成的主从控制方式,前端传感器选用了新型的锥光偏振全息激光测头,并应用专用夹具来实现被测喷嘴零件的装夹和定位。最后,选取某个燃油喷嘴样件作为被测目标,应用所搭建的测量系统对其上的多个螺旋槽特征开展了重复测量实验,并解算得到了槽深、螺旋角和槽宽的几何尺寸,而且系统所达到的测量精度能够满足检测需求。     

零售服务质量中的人力资源管理(英文)

本文研究了人力资源管理与服务质量的关系。透过问卷调查及数据分析,确立人力资源的重点、结构与相互关系,促进服务质量。研究选择了零售服务为试点,给管理人员提供了一个更直接、更清晰的指引,发挥人力资源本身的素质。研究结果把希士杰等质量大师在美国哈佛商报中提出的“服务利润连接（Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｐｒｏｆｉｔｃｈａｉｎ）”具体化,使管理人员可以直接在企业内运用。     

使用“均衡记分卡”改善服务质量(英文)

基于“量度什么,便得到什么”的原则而发展起来的“均衡记分卡”可将公司策略清晰地演绎,为每一雇员工作表现指引。除了沿用一般传统财政目标外,“均衡记分卡”提供了一个全面、灵活、有效及均衡的企业表现量度／管理方法。从“顾客角度”、“程序角度”以及“学习角度”所作的度量可能激励企业的财政工作。制定“均衡记分卡”过程可阐明并传递公司的策略于每一雇员。个别工作单位目标及雇员目标亦可结合在一起以改善整体服务质量。     

燃油喷嘴螺旋槽的精密测量方法与系统设计

为了实现航空发动机燃油喷嘴上的螺旋槽特征的快速与精确检测,提出了螺旋槽的槽深、螺旋角和槽宽等参数的测量与计算方法,并基于此设计和搭建了一套非接触式的燃油喷嘴螺旋槽精密测量系统。该测量系统基于模块化的设计思想,其机械主体采用立柱移动型三坐标测量机的结构形式;运动机构由三个直线轴X、Y和Z以及一个回转轴A构成,电气控制模块采用了由上位机与下位机构成的主从控制方式,前端传感器选用了新型的锥光偏振全息激光测头,并应用专用夹具来实现被测喷嘴零件的装夹和定位。最后,选取某个燃油喷嘴样件作为被测目标,应用所搭建的测量系统对其上的多个螺旋槽特征开展了重复测量实验,并解算得到了槽深、螺旋角和槽宽的几何尺寸,而且系统所达到的测量精度能够满足检测需求。     

Data Association and Track Management for the Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density Filter

The Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) recursion is a closed-form solution to the probability hypothesis density (PHD) recursion, which was proposed for jointly estimating the time-varying number of targets and their states from a sequence of noisy measurement sets in the presence of data association uncertainty, clutter, and miss-detection. However the GM-PHD filter does not provide identities of individual target state estimates, that are needed to construct tracks of individual targets. In this paper, we propose a new multi-target tracker based on the GM-PHD filter, which gives the association amongst state estimates of targets over time and provides track labels. Various issues regarding initiating, propagating and terminating tracks are discussed. Furthermore, we also propose a technique for resolving identities of targets in close proximity, which the PHD filter is unable to do on its own.     

Characteristics of Icy Surfaces

The surfaces of the Solar System’s icy satellites show an extraordinary variety of morphological features, which bear witness to exchange processes between the surface and subsurface. In this paper we review the characteristics of surface features on the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Using data from spacecraft missions, we discuss the detailed morphology, size, and topography of cryovolcanic, tectonic, aeolian, fluvial, and impact features of both large moons and smaller satellites.     

Implications of X-ray Observations for Electron Acceleration and Propagation in Solar Flares

High-energy X-rays and ??-rays from solar flares were discovered just over fifty years ago. Since that time, the standard for the interpretation of spatially integrated flare X-ray spectra at energies above several tens of keV has been the collisional thick-target model. After the launch of the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) in early 2002, X-ray spectra and images have been of sufficient quality to allow a greater focus on the energetic electrons responsible for the X-ray emission, including their origin and their interactions with the flare plasma and magnetic field. The result has been new insights into the flaring process, as well as more quantitative models for both electron acceleration and propagation, and for the flare environment with which the electrons interact. In this article we review our current understanding of electron acceleration, energy loss, and propagation in flares. Implications of these new results for the collisional thick-target model, for general flare models, and for future flare studies are discussed.     

Longitudinal variation of the equatorial ionosphere: Modeling and experimental results

We describe a new version of the Parameterized Regional Ionospheric Model (PARIM) which has been modified to include the longitudinal dependences. This model has been reconstructed using multidimensional Fourier series. To validate PARIM results, the South America maps of critical frequencies for the E (foE) and F (foF2) regions were compared with the values calculated by Sheffield Plasmasphere-Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) and IRI representations. PARIM presents very good results, the general characteristics of both regions, mainly the presence of the equatorial ionization anomaly, were well reproduced for equinoctial conditions of solar minimum and maximum. The values of foF2 and hmF2 recorded over Jicamarca (12°S; 77°W; dip lat. 1°N; mag. declination 0.3°) and sites of the conjugate point equatorial experiment (COPEX) campaign Boa Vista (2.8°N; 60.7°W; dip lat. 11.4°; mag. declination −13.1°), Cachimbo (9.5°S; 54.8°W; dip lat. −1.8°; mag. declination −15.5°), and Campo Grande (20.4°S; 54.6°W; dip lat. −11.1°; mag. declination −14.0°) have been used in this work. foF2 calculated by PARIM show good agreement with the observations, except during morning over Boa Vista and midnight-morning over Campo Grande. Some discrepancies were also found for the F-region peak height (hmF2) near the geomagnetic equator during times of F₃ layer occurrences. IRI has underestimated both foF2 and hmF2 over equatorial and low latitude sectors during evening-nighttimes, except for Jicamarca where foF2 values were overestimated.